Elias Judah Durand (20 March 1870 -– 29 October 1922) was an American

mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a so ...

, and

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

. He was one of the foremost American experts on the

discomycetes Discomycetes is a former taxonomic class of Ascomycete fungi which contains all of the cup, sponge and brain fungi and some club-like fungi. It includes typical cup fungi like the scarlet elf cup and the orange peel fungus, and fungi with frui ...

Biography

Elias Judah Durand was born in Canandaigua, New York. He received his bachelor's degree in botany and entomology from

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...

in 1893 and his Doctor of Science in botany in 1895 under George Francis Atkinson at Cornell. Following graduation he taught botany and mycology at Cornell until 1910, first as a fellow and later as an instructor. In 1910, Durand was appointed professor of botany at the

University of Missouri The University of Missouri (Mizzou, MU, or Missouri) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Columbia, Missouri. It is Missouri's largest university and the flagship of the four-campus Universit ...

, where he remained until 1918. In 1918, Durand was named professor at the

University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tw ...

, where from 1920 to 1921 he was the Chairman of the Department of Botany. He remained at the University of Minnesota until his death from cancer on 29 October 1922. Durand is buried in the Durand family plot in Woodlawn Cemetery in Canandaigua, New York. He married Anna Louise Perry on 6 September 1899 and had one child, Anna Louise Durand (d. 1981), on 6 June 1901. Anna Louise died shortly after giving birth to their daughter on 11 June 1901. He married Sue Gertrude Stone (d. 1957) on 24 July 1917.

Mycological contributions

Durand contributed to a broad range of botanical sciences, ranging from

bryology Bryology (from Greek , a moss, a liverwort) is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). Bryologists are people who have an active interest in observing, recording, classifying or ...

and pteridology to mycology. He was recognized and highly respected as an authority on discomycetes, and was one of the first Americans to study the group extensively. His personal collection, numbering 12,087 specimens of discomycetes, including 16 types, 27 paratypes, 2 syntypes, and 6,000 microscope slides, was deposited in the Plant Pathology Herbarium at Cornell University (CUP), helping establish that herbarium as a leading center for the study of discomycetes. Durand's collections included 650 types (mostly discomycetes) from other authors and herbaria, currently stored at Cornell University. Additional specimens Durand collected are stored in the herbaria of the

Field Museum of Natural History The Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), also known as The Field Museum, is a natural history museum in Chicago, Illinois, and is one of the largest such museums in the world. The museum is popular for the size and quality of its educational ...

, the

University of Kentucky The University of Kentucky (UK, UKY, or U of K) is a Public University, public Land-grant University, land-grant research university in Lexington, Kentucky. Founded in 1865 by John Bryan Bowman as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentu ...

, the

, the New York Botanical Garden, and Pomona College.

Taxa described and new combinations

E.J. Durand described a total of 25 new species, one new form, one new variety, and made 20 new combinations of species. , nine of his species and ten recombinations are still accepted (having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names). Durand also described two genera, ''Gloeoglossum'' and ''Ionomidotis'' which were both later reduced to synonymy. *''Gloeoglossum'' E.J. Durand 1908 = ''

Geoglossum ''Geoglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called earth tongues. The type species is ''Geoglossum glabrum''. ''Geoglossum'' species are distinguished from the related genus ''Trichoglossum'' by the lack of ...

'' Persoon 1794 *''Ionomidotis'' E.J. Durand ex Thaxt. 1923 = ''

Ameghiniella ''Ameghiniella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Cordieritidaceae ''Cordieritidaceae'' is a family of fungi in the order Cyttariales. Species in this family are saprobes or lichenicolous. Description The ascomata of Cordieritidaceae spec ...

'' Speg. 1888 *''Catinella elastica'' (Pat. & Gaillard) E.J. Durand 1922 = '' Aleurina elastica'' (Pat. & Gaillard) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902 *'' Catinella negro-olivacea'' (Schwein.) E.J. Durand 1922 *'' Ciboria americana'' E.J. Durand 1902 *''Coccophacidium crustaceum'' (M.A. Curtis) E.J. Durand 1929 = '' Coccomycetes strobi'' J. Reid & Cain 1961 *''Corynetes arenarius'' (Rostr.) E.J. Durand 1908 = '' Sabuloglossum arenarium'' (Rostr.) Hustad, A.N. Mill, Dentinger & P.F. Cannon 2013 *''Corynetes atropurpureus'' (Batsch) E.J. Durand 1908 = ''

Geoglossum atropurpureum ''Microglossum atropurpureum'' is a species of fungus in the family Leotiaceae. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of dark-purple earthtongue. Ascocarps (fruit bodies) are black, often with a purple tint, and are irregular ...

'' (Batsch) Persoon 1796 *''Corynetes robustus'' E.J. Durand 1908 = ''

'' (Batsch) Persoon 1796 *''Cudonia bulbifera'' E.J. Durand 1912 = '' Pseudombrophila bulbifera'' (E.J. Durand) Brumm. 1995 *'' Cudonia ochroleuca'' (Cooke & Harkn.) E.J. Durand 1908 *''Dermatea crataegicola'' E.J. Durand 1904 = '' Pezicula crataegicula'' (Durieu) J.W. Groves 1946 *''Dermatea puberula'' E.J. Durand 1904 = '' Pezicula puberula'' (E.J. Durand) Verkley 1999 *''Dermatella hamamelidis'' (Peck) E.J. Durand 1902 = '' Dermea hamamelidis'' (Peck) J.W. Groves 1946 *'' Geoglossum affine'' E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Geoglossum cohaerens'' E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Geoglossum fallax'' E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Geoglossum intermedium'' E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Geoglossum paludosum'' (Persoon) E.J. Durand 1908 *''Gloeoglossum affine'' E.J. Durand 1908 = '' Geoglossum affine'' E.J. Durand 1908 *''Gloeoglossum difforme'' (Fr.) E.J. Durand 1908 = ''

Geoglossum difforme ''Geoglossum difforme'' is a species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. It is found in Europe and North America. It is listed as critically endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinc ...

'' Fr. 1815 *''Gloeoglossum glutinosum'' (Persoon) E.J. Durand 1908 = ''

Glutinoglossum glutinosum ''Glutinoglossum glutinosum'', commonly known as the viscid black earth tongue or the glutinous earthtongue, is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae (the earth tongues). Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it has been found ...

'' (Persoon) Hustad, A.N. Mill., Dentinger, & P.F. Cannon 2013 *''Holwaya gigantea'' E.J. Durand 1901 = ''

Holwaya mucida ''Holwaya'' is a genus of fungi in the family Bulgariaceae. ''Holwaya'' is monotypic, containing the single species ''Holwaya mucida'', which was originally named ''Bulgaria ophiobolus'' by Job Bicknell Ellis in 1883, and later transferred to the ...

'' (Schulzer) Korf & Abawi 1971 *''Holwaya leptosperma'' (Peck) E.J. Durand 1901 = ''

'' (Schulzer) Korf & Abawi 1971 *''Ionomidotis chilensis'' E.J Durand 1923 = '' Midotus chilensis'' (E.J. Durand) Cif. 1957 *'' Ionomidotis irregularis'' (Schwein.) E.J. Durand 1923 *''Ionomidotis nicaraguensis'' E.J. Durand 1923 = '' Midotis nicaraguensis'' (E.J. Durand) Seaver 1951 *''Ionomidotis olivascens'' E.J. Durand 1923 = '' Midotis olivascens'' (E.J. Durand) Seaver 1951 *''Inomidotis plicata'' (W. Phillips & Harkn.) E.J. Durand 1923 = ''

Ameghiniella plicata ''Ameghiniella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Cordieritidaceae ''Cordieritidaceae'' is a family of fungi in the order Cyttariales. Species in this family are saprobes or lichenicolous. Description The ascomata of Cordieritidaceae spec ...

'' (W. Phillips & Harkn.) W.Y. Zhuang & Korf 1988 *''Ionomidotis urceolata'' E.J. Durand 1923 = '' Encoelia urceolata'' (E.J. Durand) W.Y. Zhuang 1988 *'' Ionomidotis sprucei'' (Berk.) E.J. Durand 1923 *''Keithia thujina'' E.J. Durand 1913 = '' Didymascella thujina'' (E.J. Durand) Maire 1927 *''Keithia tsugae'' (Farl.) E.J. Durand 1913 = '' Fabrella tsugae'' (Farl.) Kirschst. 1941 *''Lachnum atropurpureum'' E.J. Durand 1904 = '' Lachnella atropurpurea'' (E.J. Durand) Seaver 1951 *''Leptoglossum alveolatum'' E.J. Durand ex Rehm 1904 = '' Geoglossum alveolatum'' (E.J. Durand ex Rehm) E.J. Durand 1908 *''

Microglossum fumosum ''Microglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Leotiaceae. Ascocarps (fruit bodies) occur in soil and resemble earth tongues, but are microscopically distinct. '' Microglossum atropurpureum'', a species typical of waxcap grassland in Europe, ...

'' (Peck) E.J. Durand 1908 *''

Microglossum longisporum ''Microglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Leotiaceae. Ascocarps (fruit bodies) occur in soil and resemble earth tongues, but are microscopically distinct. '' Microglossum atropurpureum'', a species typical of waxcap grassland in Europe, ...

'' E.J. Durand 1908 *''Midotis infundibuliformis'' E.J. Durand 1923 = '' Encoelia infundibuliformis'' (E.J. Durand) Dennis 1954 *'' Midotis occidentalis'' E.J. Durand 1923 *''Mitrula alveolata'' E.J. Durand 1902 = '' Geoglossum alveolatum'' (E.J. Durand ex Rehm) E.J. Durand 1908 *''

Sarcosoma carolinianum ''Sarcosoma'' is a genus of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae. The genus, widespread in north temperate and tropical areas, contains 16 species. The anamorph (asexual) form is the genus '' Verticicladium''. Ecology and habitat The type specie ...

'' E.J. Durand 1903 *''Sclerotinia smilacinae'' E.J. Durand 1902 = '' Stromatinia smilacinae'' (E.J. Durand) Whetzel 1945 *''

Trichoglossum confusum ''Trichoglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called hairy earth tongues. The type species is ''Trichoglossum hirsutum''. Members of the genus ''Trichoglossum'' have tiny hairs known as setae on the spore ...

'' E.J. Durand 1921 *''

Trichoglossum farlowii ''Trichoglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called hairy earth tongues. The type species is ''Trichoglossum hirsutum''. Members of the genus ''Trichoglossum'' have tiny hairs known as setae on the spore ...

'' (Cooke) E.J. Durand 1908 *''Trichoglossum hirsutum'' f. ''variabile'' E.J. Durand 1908 = '' Trichoglossum variabile'' (E.J. Durand) Nannf. 1942 *''Trichoglossum hirsutum'' var. ''wrightii'' E.J. Durand 1908 = '' Trichoglossum wrightii'' (E.J. Durand) E.J. Durand 1921 *''

Trichoglossum rehmianum ''Trichoglossum'' is a genus of fungi in the family (biology), family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called hairy earth tongues. The Type (biology), type species is ''Trichoglossum hirsutum''. Members of the genus ''Trichoglossum'' have tiny ...

'' (Henn.) E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Trichoglossum velutipes'' (Peck.) E.J. Durand 1908 *'' Trichoglossum walteri'' (Berk.) E.J. Durand 1908

Mycological lineage

Durand earned his Doctorate of Science under G.F. Atkinson at Cornell. Durand belongs to the mycological lineage of

William Russel Dudley William Russel Dudley (March 1, 1849 – June 4, 1911) was an American botanist.Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435 He headed the botany department at Stanford University ...

. Dudley was a student and assistant under Albert Nelson Prentiss, who was the first head of the Department of Botany at Cornell University. Dudley mentored G.F. Atkinson who later returned to Cornell when Dudley left in 1892. While Durand did not directly mentor any students who would later become professional mycologists, he was well-regarded as an instructor in undergraduate courses.

Honors and memberships

While a student at Cornell, Durand was a member of Sigma Xi,

Quill and Dagger Quill and Dagger is a senior honor society at Cornell University. It is often recognized as one of the most prominent societies of its type, along with Skull and Bones and Scroll and Key at Yale University. In 1929, ''The New York Times'' stated t ...

, Congress, the Classical Association, and the Natural History Society (of which he was president in his senior year). Durand was a charter member of the American Mycological Society (which merged with the

Botanical Society of America The Botanical Society of America (BSA) represents professional and amateur botanists, researchers, educators and students in over 80 countries of the world. It functions as a United States nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership society. History The soci ...

in 1903). He was also a member of the American Phytopathological Society and the

American Association for the Advancement of Science The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific respons ...

Eponymous taxa

*''Durandia'' (Peck) Rehm (1913) – '' nom. illegit.'' (Article 53.1 ICN). '' Durandia'' was previously described as a genus in the

Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus ''Carex'' w ...

by Johan Otto Boeckeler in 1896. *''

Durandiella ''Durandiella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae. The genus contains 10 species. The genus name of ''Durandiella'' is in honour of Elias Judah Durand (1870–1922), who was an American mycologist and botanist. The genus was circu ...

'' Seaver (1932) *'' Durandiomyces'' Seaver (1928) *'' Sphaerospora durandii'' Rehm (1904) *'' Trichoglossum durandii'' Teng (1932)

Publications

Durand authored or coauthored 30 research publications and one general botany laboratory textbook: *1894. Durand EJ
"Some rare Myxomycetes of central New York, with notes on the germination of ''Enteridium rozeanum''".
''Botanical Gazette'' 19 (3): 89–95. *1894. ———, Halsted BD, Bicknell EP
"Botanical notes".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 21 (1): 38–42. *1894. Durand EJ
"Sporangial trichomes in certain ferns".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 21 (9): 408–409. *1896. ——�
"Structure of pseudoparenchyma".
''Botanical Gazette'' 22 (3): 249. *1897. ———
"A disease of currant canes".
''Bulletin Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station'' 125: 24–38. *1897. ———. "Outline for use in laboratory practice in a course in general introductory botany". 5 editions. *1899. ———
"A washing apparatus".
''Botanical Gazette'' 27 (5): 394–395. *1900. ———
"The classification of the fleshy Pezizineae with reference to the structural characters illustrating the bases of their division into families".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 27: 463–495. *1901. ———, Britton EG
"Some further observations on ''Buxbaumia''".
''The Bryologist'' 4 (2): 32–33. *1901. Durand EJ
"''Dacryopsis ellisiana'' Massee".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 28 (11): 646. *1901. ———
"Studies in North American Discomycetes. 1. The genus ''Holwaya'' Sacc."
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 28: 349–355. *1902. ———
"Studies in North American Discomycetes. 2. Some new or noteworthy species from central and western New York".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 29: 458–465. *1902. ———

''The Journal of Mycology'' 8: 108–109. *1903. ———
"The genus ''Sarcosoma'' in North America".
''The Journal of Mycology'' 9: 102–104. *1904. ———

''The Journal of Mycology'' 10: 99–101. *1906. ———
"''Peziza fusicarpa'' Ger. and ''Peziza semitosta'' B. & C."
''The Journal of Mycology'' 12: 28–32. *1906. ———
"Sporangial trichomes".
''The Fern Bulletin'' 14: 20–21. *1907. ———
"The mycological writings of Theodor Holmskjold and their relation to Persoon's Commentatio".
''The Journal of Mycology'' 13: 141–142. *1908. ———

''Annales Mycologici'' 6: 387–477. *1908. ———
"The development of the sexual organs and sporogonium in ''Marchantia polymorpha''".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 35 (7): 321–335. *1909. ———. "The perithecium of Ascomycetes". ''Botanical Gazette'' 48 (1): 67–69. *1909. ———
"A discussion of some of the principles governing the interpretation of pre-Persoonian names, and their bearing on the selection of a starting-point for mycological nomenclature".
''Science'' 29 (1): 670–676. *1909. ———. "The Geoglossaceae or Earth-tongues". ''Ontario Natural Science Bulletin'' 5: 22–25. *1911. ———. "The differential staining of intercellular mycelum". ''Phytopathology'' 1 (4): 129–130. *1913. ———

''Mycologia'' 5: 6–11. *1919. ———
"''Peziza proteana'' var. ''sparassoides'' in America".
''Mycologia'' 11 (1): 1–3. *1919. ———
"''Encalypta lacinata'' in central New York."
''The Bryologist'' 22 (2): 13. *1919. ———

''Mycologia'' 11 (1): 1–3. *1921. ———

''Mycologia'' 13 (3): 184–187. *1922. ———
"The genus ''Catinella''".
''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 49: 15–21. *1923. ———
"The genera ''Midotis'', ''Ionomidotis'', and ''Cordierites''".
''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' 59 (1): 3–19.

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Durand, Elias Judah Durand, Elias Judah Durand, Elias Judah American mycologists American botanists Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni