Elias Canetti

Elias Canetti (; bg, Елиас Канети; 25 July 1905 – 14 August 1994) was a German-language writer, born in Ruse, Bulgaria to a Sephardic family. They moved to Manchester, England, but his father died in 1912, and his mother took her three sons back to continental Europe. They settled in Vienna.

Canetti moved to England in 1938 after the Anschluss to escape Nazi persecution. He became a British citizen in 1952. He is known as a modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and nonfiction writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". He is noted for his nonfiction book '' Crowds and Power'', among other works.

Life and work

Early life

Born in 1905 to businessman Jacques Canetti and Mathilde ''née'' Arditti in Ruse, a city on the Danube in Bulgaria, Canetti was the eldest of three sons. His ancestors were Sephardi Jews. His paternal ancestors settled in Ruse from Ottoman Adrianople. The original family name was ''Cañete'', named after Cañete, Cuenca, a village in Spain.

In Ruse, Canetti's father and grandfather were successful merchants who operated out of a commercial building, which they had built in 1898. Canetti's mother descended from the Arditti family, one of the oldest Sephardi families in Bulgaria, who were among the founders of the Ruse Jewish colony in the late 18th century. The Ardittis can be traced to the 14th century, when they were court physicians and astronomers to the Aragonese royal court of Alfonso IV and Pedro IV. Before settling in Ruse, they had migrated into Italy and lived in Livorno in the 17th century.

Canetti spent his childhood years, from 1905 to 1911, in Ruse until the family moved to Manchester, England, where Canetti's father joined a business established by his wife's brothers. In 1912, his father died suddenly, and his mother moved with their children first to Lausanne, then Vienna in the same year. They lived in Vienna from the time Canetti was aged seven onwards. His mother insisted that he speak German, and taught it to him. By this time Canetti already spoke Ladino (his native language), Bulgarian, English, and some French; the latter two he studied in the one year they were in Britain. Subsequently, the family moved first (from 1916 to 1921) to Zürich and then (until 1924) to Frankfurt, where Canetti graduated from high school.

Canetti went back to Vienna in 1924 in order to study chemistry. However, his primary interests during his years in Vienna became philosophy and literature. Introduced into the literary circles of First-Republic-Vienna, he started writing. Politically leaning towards the left, he was present at the July Revolt of 1927 – he came near to the action accidentally, was most impressed by the burning of books (recalled frequently in his writings), and left the place quickly with his bicycle. He gained a degree in chemistry from the University of Vienna in 1929, but never worked as a chemist.

He published two works in Vienna, ''Komödie der Eitelkeit'' 1934 (The Comedy of Vanity) and
''Die Blendung'' 1935 (''Auto-da-Fé'', 1935), before escaping to Great Britain. He reflected the experiences of Nazi Germany and political chaos in his works, especially exploring mob action and group thinking in the novel ''Die Blendung'' and in the non-fiction '' Crowds and Power'' (1960). He wrote several volumes of memoirs, contemplating the influence of his multi-lingual background and childhood.

Personal life

In 1934 in Vienna he married Veza (Venetiana) Taubner-Calderon (1897–1963), who acted as his muse and devoted literary assistant. Canetti remained open to relationships with other women. He had a short affair with Anna Mahler. In 1938, after the ''Anschluss'' with Germany, the Canettis moved to London. He became closely involved with the painter Marie-Louise von Motesiczky, who was to remain a close companion for many years. His name has also been linked with the author Iris Murdoch (see John Bayley's ''Iris, A Memoir of Iris Murdoch'', which has several references to an author, referred to as "the Dichter", who was a Nobel Laureate and whose works included ''Die Blendung'' [English title ''Auto-da-Fé'']).

After Veza died in 1963, Canetti married Hera Buschor (1933–1988), with whom he had a daughter, Johanna, in 1972. Canetti's brother Jacques Canetti settled in Paris, where he championed a revival of French chanson. Despite being a German-language writer, Canetti settled in Britain until the 1970s, receiving British citizenship in 1952. For his last 20 years, Canetti lived mostly in Zürich.

Career

A writer in German, Canetti won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". He is known chiefly for his celebrated trilogy of autobiographical memoirs of his childhood and of pre-Anschluss Vienna: ''Die Gerettete Zunge'' (The Tongue Set Free); ''Die Fackel im Ohr'' (The Torch in My Ear), and ''Das Augenspiel'' (The Play of the Eyes); for his modernist novel ''Auto-da-Fé'' (''Die Blendung''); and for '' Crowds and Power'', a psychological study of crowd behaviour as it manifests itself in human activities ranging from mob violence to religious congregations.

In the 1970s, Canetti began to travel more frequently to Zurich, where he settled and lived for his last 20 years. He died in Zürich in 1994.

Honours and awards

* Prix International (France, 1949)
* Grand Austrian State Prize for Literature (1967)
* Literature Award of the Bavarian Academy of the Fine Arts (1969)
* Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1972)
* Georg Büchner Prize (German Academy for Language and Literature, 1972)
* German recording prize, for reading "Ohrenzeuge" (Deutscher Schallplattenpreis) (1975)
* Nelly Sachs Prize (1975)
* Gottfried-Keller-Preis (1977)
* Pour le Mérite (1979)
* Johann-Peter-Hebel-Preis (Baden-Württemberg, 1980)
* Nobel Prize in Literature (1981)
* Franz Kafka Prize (1981)
* Grand Merit Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1983)
* In 1975, Canetti was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester and another from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, in 1976.
* Canetti Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after him.

Works

* ''Komödie der Eitelkeit'' 1934 (''The Comedy of Vanity'')
* ''Die Blendung'' 1935 (''Auto-da-Fé'', novel, tr. by Cicely Wedgwood (Jonathan Cape, Ltd., 1946). The first American edition of Wedgwood's translation was titled ''The Tower of Babel'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1947).
* ''Die Befristeten'' 1956 (1956 premiere of the play in Oxford) (''Their Days are Numbered'')
* ''Masse und Macht'' 1960 ('' Crowds and Power'', study, tr. 1962, published in Hamburg)
* ''Aufzeichnungen 1942 – 1948'' (1965) (''Sketches'')
* ''Die Stimmen von Marrakesch'' 1968 published by Hanser in Munich (''The Voices of Marrakesh'', travelogue, tr. 1978)
* ''Der andere Prozess'' 1969 Kafkas Briefe an Felice (''Kafka's Other Trial'', tr. 1974).
* ''Hitler nach Speer'' (Essay)
* ''Die Provinz des Menschen'' Aufzeichnungen 1942 – 1972 (''The Human Province'', tr. 1978)
* ''Der Ohrenzeuge. Fünfzig Charaktere'' 1974 ("Ear Witness: Fifty Characters", tr. 1979).
* ''Das Gewissen der Worte'' 1975. Essays (''The Conscience of Words'')
* ''Die Gerettete Zunge'' 1977 (''The Tongue Set Free'', memoir, tr. 1979 by Joachim Neugroschel)
* ''Die Fackel im Ohr'' 1980 Lebensgeschichte 1921 – 1931 (''The Torch in My Ear'', memoir, tr. 1982)
* ''Das Augenspiel'' 1985 Lebensgeschichte 1931 – 1937 (''The Play of the Eyes'', memoir, tr. 1990)
* ''Das Geheimherz der Uhr: Aufzeichnungen'' 1987 (''The Secret Heart of the Clock'', tr. 1989)
* ''Die Fliegenpein'' (''The Agony of Flies'', 1992)
* ''Nachträge aus Hampstead'' (''Notes from Hampstead'', 1994)
* ''The Voices of Marrakesh'' (published posthumously, Arion Press, 2001, with photographs by Karl Bissinger and etchings by William T. Wiley )
* ''Party im Blitz; Die englischen Jahre'' 2003 (''Party in the Blitz'', memoir, published posthumously, tr. 2005)
* ''Aufzeichnungen für Marie-Louise (written 1942, compiled and published posthumously, 2005)

Reviews

* Stevenson, Randall (1982), ''The Privacy Industry of Franz Kafka'', a review of ''Kafka's Other Trial: The Letters to Felice'', in ''Cencrastus'' No. 9, Summer 1982, pp. 45 & 46,

See also

* Crowd psychology
* List of Nobel laureates by country
* List of refugees
* Marie-Louise von Motesiczky
* Ruth von Mayenburg

References

Bibliography

* Parry, I., "''Attitudes to Power''", in I. Parry, ''Speak Silence'' (1988), p. 253-
* Manuel Vázquez Montalbán and Willi Glasauer (1988). '' Scenes from World Literature and Portraits of Greatest Authors''. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
* Gentis, Roger, '' La folie Canetti'', Paris: Maurice Nadeau, 1993
* Donahue, William Collins, '' The End of Modernism: Elias Canetti’s Auto-da-Fé'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
* Brill, Lesley, " Terrorism, "Crowds and Power", and the Dogs of War", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' 76(1), Winter 2003: 87–94.
* Morgan, Peter (2005), " Georges Kien and the 'Diagnosis of Delusion' in Elias Canetti's Die Blendung", '' Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism'' Volume 157. United States: Gale

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