Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current,

arcing An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma; the plasma may produce visible light. An ...

, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.

History

The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989

OSHA OSHA or Osha may refer to: Work * Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a federal agency of the United States that regulates workplace safety and health * Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) of 1970, a federal law in the Un ...

promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace. * Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 - for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations Standards are compared with those of

IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a 501(c)(3) professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering (and associated disciplines) with its corporate office in New York City and its operat ...

and National Fire Protection Association.

Lightning and earthing protection

Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...

s, structures, protecting

building A building, or edifice, is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory (although there's also portable buildings). Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and fu ...

s from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire,

Transmission line In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmi ...

s, and electrical equipment from electric shock and

Overcurrent In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible caus ...

Earthing protection systems

*TT system *TN system *IT system

Lightning protection systems

lightning rod A lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducte ...

(simple rod or with triggering system) *lightning rod with taut wires. *lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)

Physiological effects of electricity

Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock. IEC TS 60479-1 electric shock graph

*Indirect contact - can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply *Direct contact - can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection

Electrical safety conductors

* NEC 2008 Table 250.122 - Safeco Electric Supply

Electrical safety standards

* Australian Standards - Australia - AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011 * Български Държавен Стандарт - (On English:Bulgarian state standard) - БДС 12.2.096:1986

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

* Brazilian National Regulation - NR10

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

* - China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254 * IEEE/TÜV -

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU * La norme français C 15-100 - Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

* British standard -

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529 * India Standardization -

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

- IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665 * Polska Norma -

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

- PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E * - ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, * NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 -

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

NFPA 496, NFPA 70 *

Lightning protection standards

* NFPA 780, IEC 62305 * СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014 * БДС EN 62305-1:2011 * Norme NF C 15-100 * DIN EN 62305-1 * PN-EN 62305 * BS-EN 62305 * UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo * SNI 03-7015-2004 * IS 2309 * GB/T 36490-2018

Electronics and communications

Electronic products safety standards

The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals. *ANSI C95.3:1972 - Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies. * CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1 * NOM-152 * MET MOC 023/96

Communication and high frequency safety standards

Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency, CB-02 Radio Equipment *ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range. *Radio Communication safety ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992, ГОСТ Р 50829-95 *Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EECГОСТ
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Gallery

Singapore Danger-Signs-02.jpg, Danger symbol Prinzip Schutztrennung.svg, Principle Protection separation Safe distances.jpg, Safe distances earthing Kikingaradi2.jpg, Lightning rod Sitrenn.png, Extra low voltage symbol Fire extinguisher with sign.JPG, Fire protection symbol Electrical Hazard.tif, Electrical Hazard symbol

References

{{reflist, 30em *Дулицкий Г. А., Комаревцев А. П. Электробезопасность при эксплуатации электроустановок напряжением до 1000 В. Справочник. — М.: Воениздат, 1988. *IEC 60050-195:1998. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shock. Edition 1.0. – Geneva: IEC, 1998‑08. *Marinela Yordanova - Technical Safety, Bulgaria BDS standards,2010 *M.M. Dawoud, A.S. Farag, J.M. Bakhashwain, and A. Frazi,"Study of EM Fields and Radiated Power Generated from Dammam Radio Stations,"1998 *N. Kuster, Q. Balzano, James C. Lin - Mobile Communications Safety, Springer Science & Business Media, 6 Dec 2012 Electrical engineering Standards Lists of standards