Eka-tantri Vina

The ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' was a medieval tube-zither veena in India, with a single string and one or more gourd resonators. The instrument became prominent in Indian music in about the 10th century C.E. as instruments of court music. Alongside the alapini vina and kinnari vina it replaced the harp-style veenas and lute-style veenas in sculpture. It was possibly a forerunner of the rudra vina. It shares its name with the modern single-string drone lute, the ektara.

The instrument is very closely related to the one-stringed alapini vina, an instrument which started out a stick zither but became a tube zither like the eka-tantri vina.

Although the tube zithers and stick zithers are very similar, it is possible that they have different origins. Early paintings of stick zithers in India date back at least to the 5th century C.E. The earliest currently known stick zither is in the Caves of Ajanta at the end of the 5th century. After a period of assuming that tube zithers spread from India to Southeast Asia, modern scholars have been trying to decide if the tube zithers might have originated in Southeast Asia and spread to India. Whatever the origins, Indian influence on musical culture in Southeast Asia is recorded in the archaeological remains of past civilizations.

Parts of the eka-tantri vina

Parts of the vinas from Sarnga Deva's '' Ratnakara'':
*''Biradaalu'', anchoring point for string at the top of the instrument
*''Dandam'' or ''dandi'' the body or tube
*''Kakubham'', hollow box at bottom end, top curved slightly, bridge sits on
*''Naagapaasam'', anchoring point for string at the kakubham
*''Patrika'', bridge
*''Tumba'', resonator
*''Yali'' or ''dorika'', carved figure on bottom end
*''Kramica'', shall stick held against string by musician. Sometimes replaced in sculpture by one or two fingers held straight.

Identifying the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''

Instruments in paintings and sculpture are not generally labeled, and researchers have had to apply the name ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' (one-string vina) to different instruments. Iconography can't show whether the rods or bodies are hollow, and researchers have had to look for clues in literature.

Instruments in surviving images that are labeled ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' are generally tube zithers with wide tubes and a gourd attached to the top, the gourd held over the musician's shoulder and the other end past their hip, with a single string and no frets. Musician's are shown sliding the straightened fingers of their upper hand on the string, or holding a stick to slide on the string, and plucking with their lower hand.

The instruments are fretless, the depictions showing a single string. The later instruments labeled '' kinnari vina'' we're fretted and show traits of both the ekatantri vina and the alapini vina, with gourds that are pressed into the chest and also rise above the shoulder.

In medieval artwork, a second lower gourd has been seen on both stick zithers and tube zithers. Artwork for the eka-tantri vina commonly shows a second carved resonator or gourd resonator near the instrument's lower end.

While the eka-tantri vina had only one string (the meaning of its name), it may have been modified to add additional strings and frets, moving toward the development of the rudra veena. The manner of holding the instrument is similar too. The kinnari veena with its multiple strings and frets also may also be related in the development of the rudra veena, although this instrument was held vertically in artwork, different from the manner the rudra veena was held.

The instruments in literature

Based on definitions from Indian literature, the unifying criterion is that both have a single string and a gourd resonator. The literature includes the Nāṭyaśāstra (written sometime between 2nd century B.C.E. - 3rd century C.E.) by Bharata Muni and the Sangita Ratnakara (written 1210 - 1247 AD) by Śārṅgadeva.

According to Śārṅgadeva

In the 13th century, the Sangita Ratnakara placed vinas into three categories: fretless (into which the ''eka-tanktri vina'' was placed), harps, and fretted vinas (which included the ''alapini vina'' and the ''kinnari vina''). Frets were possibly introduced as a reaction to the invention of the 12-string scale, ca. 700-800. In 1400, the frets on the ''kinnari vina'' were attributed to Matanga (800 A.D.) the author of Brhad-desi.

For the ''eka-tantri vina'' Śārṅgadeva described an instrument made of Khadirah wood, less than a yard long (alternative translation says 3 arm lengths long), with a dandam "a stetched palm" (about 5-8 inches) in circumference, and 1.5 inches narrower on the bottom where a yali might be carved.

In comparison, the ''alapini vina'' Śārṅgadeva described was an instrument 36 inches long, the red sandalwood or Khadirah wood or bamboo rod 2 inches in circumference. The cup (tumba) was made from coconut, and its string was reportedly made of silk, producing a delicate sound.

Modern researchers

Researchers Piyal Bhattacharya and Shreetama Chowdhury described the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' as being a larger instrument, with a "bigger tube" and bigger gourd, compared to the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'', which they described as a stick zither. The researchers looked at where the instrument's gourd was placed while playing; they indicated instruments with the gourd over the shoulder were ''eka-tantrī vīṇās'' and those pressed against the chest were ''ālāpiṇī vīṇās''.

Patrick Kersale applied the label ''ekatantri'' to a 10th century tube zither from the Pala Empire, a long instrument with a squared base and raised bridge-like piece (that lengthened the time the string would sound). Like on the modern ''pinaka vina'' a stick was slid on the string to determine the notes. With the kse diev, the gourd is pressed with different pressures into the player's, and the ring finger of the right hand plucks, while the left hand applies pressure on the string at the players chest. The purpose of the bridge may also have been to create a "buzzing" quality to the note (known in Indian classical music as jivari.

The writers for the vīnā entry in the '' New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments'' called the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' a stick zither, in which the stick might be a bamboo or wooden tube. They focused on how the vinas were played. The gourd on the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' was cut to form a cup or bowl, the opening of which could be placed against the musician's body while playing, creating a "closed resonance chamber". On the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' and later ''Kinarri vina'' the gourd (bottom intact) used for the resonance chamber rested over the musician's shoulder. These latter two might have a second or third gourd added further down, creating the modern ''kinarri vina'' and ''rudra veena''

In his book Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya, Lalmani Misra used Śārṅgadeva's work to describe the ''Eka-tantri''. The body of the instrument, was 3 arm-lengths long and a hand's breadth wide, hollowed out to form a tube, with a bore of 1.5 forefinger widths. A borehole (perpendicular to the instrument's bore) allows the resonating sound in the tube to pass into each gourd resonator; the perpendicular bores are 2 forefingers or 3 pinky-fingers wide. The gourds are secured to the eka-tantri's wooden stem using gut cord, passing through holes made in the stem, down through a hole in the top of the gourd; the thread goes through a pair of holes in the top of a coconut, set inside the gourd (with the rounded side, pressing against the sides of the gourd and toward the stem). On the instrument's lower end, the bridge (kakubh) is attached, its surface not flat but rounded like a tortoise shell. On top of the bridge a ''patuli'' (metal plate forming a spike) was placed in the center.

Symbolism

Different symbolism appears on the instruments over time. In Hinduism, the instruments have been associated with the gods Shiva, Saraswati, and Nataraja. Shiva has been portrayed playing it romantically for Paravati, and as an ascetic, Natajara in his form as the divine dancer. Saraswati is a goddess of flowing things, including water, wisdom and music. Much less frequently, Krishna has also been portrayed playing the vina and dancing; the instrument is not iconically associated with him, as his instrument is the flute.

The instrument has been portrayed in Buddhist temple art in the hands of humans, as well as celestial ''kinnaras'', half human, half bird figures.

Some kinnari vinas in museums seem to have bird-related carvings and feathers on the ends. Some ''alapini vinas'' and ''eka-tantri vinas'' have very styled ends that resemble the heads of monsters, similar to the Makara water monster's or the Yali's. Both monsters had forms that included an elephant's trunk, a feature found on some kinnari vinas.

File:Makara or yali on alapini vina, 12th century, Pala Empire artwork.jpg, Makara or yali on alapini vina, 12th century, Pala Empire artwork
File:Makara or yali, from Saraswati playing alapini vina, from Hindu stone sculpture in National Museum, New Delhi.jpg, Makara or yali (or possibly a bird), from Saraswati playing alapini vina, from Hindu stone sculpture in National Museum, New Delhi
File:Makara or yali, from Walters Art Museum statue "Saraswati".jpg, Ca. 10th century C.E. Makara or yali on an ''Eka-tantri vina''.
File:Makara or yali on a kinnari veena.jpg, 19th century C.E. Makara or yali on a kinnari veena
File:Makara or Yali on a rudra veena.jpg, 20th century C.E. Carved makara or Yali on a rudra veena
File:Yali, from the neck of a Veena Saraswati (Musées de Dahlem Berlin) (3042092768).jpg, Yali, from the neck of a Saraswati veena
File:Stick zither and flute, KITLV 28029 - Kassian Céphas - Relief of the hidden base of Borobudur - 1890-1891 stick zither kinnara.jpg, 9th century C.E. Stick zither with bird at bottom and flute played by kinnaras, Borobudur hidden base.
File:Closeup of bird on the end of rudra veena, 1690-1695 CE.jpg, Closeup of bird on the end of rudra veena, 1690-1695
File:Bird on rudra veena, string holder, Metropolitan Museum of Art.png, carved bird on the end of a rudra veena
File:Frans Balthazar Solvyns, "Qaplious ou bin, instrument de musique hindou", from "Illustrations de Les Hindous", volume 2 plate 23 Cropped.jpg, Bird's head on Pinaka vina, ca. 1808-1812

''Eka-tantri'' vinas

File:Saraswati with eka-tantri vina, Close up from Vishni, Lakshmi and Sarasvati carvings, National Gallery of Victoria.jpg, Bengal, India. 11th century C.E. Saraswati playing Eka-tantri vina. Her left hand is holding a stick, which may be like the slide on a Pinaka veena. That stick is not uncommon in the Pala Empire made sculptures. The gourd is resting over her shoulder.

File:Saraswati with alapini vina or eka-tantri vina, 12th century.jpg, Saraswati with alapini vina or eka-tantri vina, 12th century.
File:Alapini vina, from India nord-orientale, vishnu vasudeva, 12th century.jpg, Saraswati with an alapini vina or possibly eka-tantri vina. The instrument has no apparent resonator except the thick tube of the body. Alapini vinas tended to have narrower tubes. 12th century C.E.

File:Eka-tantri vina, from sculpture "Guardians of the eight directions".jpg, Eka-tantri vina, from sculpture "Guardians of the eight directions"
File:WLA haa Standing Buddha Pala dynasty 2.jpg, A Buddhist artwork with a person playing eka-tantri vina (far left).
File:Eka-tantri vina, Stone Made Parvati from Rajasthan displayed at National Museum, New Delhi, left side.jpg, Eka-tantri vina, from the feet (left side) of the ''Stone Made Parvati'' from Rajasthan, displayed at National Museum, New Delhi
File:Eka-tantri vina, Stone Made Parvati from Rajasthan displayed at National Museum, New Delhi, right side.jpg, Eka-tantri vina, from the feet (right side) of the ''Stone Made Parvati'', from Rajasthan, displayed at National Museum, New Delhi
File:A statue of Saraswati Kathmandu Nepal.jpg, Date unknown. Saraswati playing an eka-tantri vina in Kathmandu, Nepal. The resonator depicted is not a gourd but carved (possibly wood].
File:Eka-tantri vina, from Parsvanatha, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg, Musician with body of snake playing eka-tantri vina, from Parsvanatha
File:Woman playing Eka-tantri vina at Ambika Mata temple.jpg, Woman playing Eka-tantri vina at Ambika Mata Temple.
File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 15.JPG, Image from the Harshnath Temple
File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 16.JPG, Image from the Harshnath Temple with side view of the eka-tantri vina's resonator
File:HAZARARAMA TEMPLE-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (33).jpg, Side view of an eka-tantri vina at the Hazara Rama temple at Hampi. Circa early 15th century C.E.

References

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Indian musical instruments
Gourd musical instruments
Monochords