Een Bloemhof
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''Een Bloemhof'' is a dictionary published in 1668 and written by
Adriaan Koerbagh Adriaan Koerbagh (1633 – 1669) was a Dutch scholar and writer who was a critic of religion and conventional morality. Life Adriaan Koerbagh studied at the universities of respectively Utrecht, Franeker and Leiden, becoming a doctor in medicine ...
under his own name (the ‘pseudonym’ Vreederijk Waarmond being part of the book’s subtitle). Its full title was ''Een Bloemhof van allerley Lieflijkheyd sonder verdriet'' (''A Flower Garden of All Kinds of Loveliness without Sorrow''). The book sparked controversy in Amsterdam because of its articles defining political and religious terms, even though they comprise only a small portion of the overall dictionary. The book also offers laymen explanations for technical jargon and foreign terms, covering topics such as medicine and law. The dictionary espoused ideas associated with the radical Enlightenment and was condemned as heretical by Church authorities. In ''Een Bloemhof'', Koerbagh criticizes the Christian concept of
Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God the F ...
and questions the divinity of Christ. The dictionary's entry on Jesus claims that Jesus Christ was a mortal man who had an unnamed father. The entry on heretics and heresy lambastes the clergy for exploiting the idea of heresy to manipulate secular rulers into handing over their power to the Church. Koerbagh rejected stories of supernatural phenomena as myths meant to fool the ignorant, believing "nothing can happen against or above Nature." He was skeptical of the existence of miracles, angels, demons, and magic. Its theological comments were influenced by the ideas of
Spinoza Baruch (de) Spinoza (born Bento de Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent ''Benedictus de Spinoza'', anglicized to ''Benedict de Spinoza''; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, b ...
. The ''Bloemhof'' was suppressed in Amsterdam on the grounds that it contained "blasphemous remarks about God, our Savior Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and the divine and perfect Word of the Lord." There was public outcry against the book. The Amsterdam consistory investigated Koerbagh and his brother for their allegedly heretical activities. The publication of the dictionary violated a 1653 law in Holland prohibiting the promulgation of
Socinian Socinianism () is a nontrinitarian belief system deemed heretical by the Catholic Church and other Christian traditions. Named after the Italian theologians Lelio Sozzini (Latin: Laelius Socinus) and Fausto Sozzini (Latin: Faustus Socinus), uncle ...
and any other
antitrinitarian Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian doctrine of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence ...
views. Copies of ''Een Bloemhof'' were confiscated in Amsterdam. The chief police officer of Amsterdam ordered Koerbagh to remain in the city, but Koerbagh managed to escape to Culemborg where he hid using the alias Pieter Wilte. Koerbagh brought with him an unfinished manuscript for ''Een Ligt, schynende in duystere plaatsen'' (A Light Shining in Dark Places). Koerbagh had been working on ''Een Ligt'' since completing ''Een Bloemhof'' in 1667. The printing of ''Een Ligt'' began in Utrecht, but stopped when the printer became concerned about the opinions expressed in the book. The printer notified the sheriff of Utrecht, who contacted the sheriff of Amsterdam. Koerbagh fled Culemborg after being alerted of his impending arrest, but was apprehended in Leiden and brought back to Amsterdam. The authorities ordered the burning of every known copy of ''Een Bloemhof'' and ''Een Ligt''. Koerbagh's sentence was a decade of imprisonment, a four thousand guilder fine, and a decade of banishment from Amsterdam following his release from jail.


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External links


''Een Bloemhof'', Online (HTML), as well as PDF and XML versions of the text
{{Authority control Dutch dictionaries 1668 books