Eduard Heinrich Graeffe or Gräffe (27 December 1833, Zurich – 23 April 1916

Ljubljana Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center. During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the ar ...

) was a

Swiss Swiss may refer to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina *Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses *Swiss-system tournament, in various games and sports *Swiss Internation ...

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...

and naturalist. As an

entomologist Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...

, he specialised in

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ...

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

and

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

. From around 1860, Graeffe was in the employ of

Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy Johann Cesar Godeffroy (7 July 1813 in Kiel – 9 February 1885 in Blankenese) was a German trader, blackbirder and Hanseat. He was the founder of Museum Godeffroy. Family history and the trading company J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn The Godeffroys ...

, a wealthy shipping magnate from

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

. Graeffe was hired in order to organize Godeffroy's natural history collection as a scientific museum, the "

Museum Godeffroy The Museum Godeffroy was a museum in Hamburg, Germany, which existed from 1861 to 1885. The collection was founded by Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy, who became a wealthy shipping magnate a few years after the expansion of the trade towards Austral ...

".Collectors Index Herbarium
Lichen herbaria From 1862 to 1873, he was based in

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono Island, Manono an ...

, conducting scientific research and collecting specimens from throughout the South Pacific. Among his writings of the expedition was: ''Reisen im Innern dei Insel Viti Levu'' (in: Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich auf das Jahr 1868, Nr. 70). From 1875 to 1898, he worked as an inspector at the Zoological Station in

Trieste Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into provi ...

. The

Fiji whistler The Fiji whistler (''Pachycephala vitiensis'') is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae, Endemism, endemic to Fiji. Taxonomy and systematics It was variably considered a subspecies of a widespread golden whistler (''Australian golden w ...

(''Pachycephala graeffii'') is named in honor, as is ''Arthrocormus graeffii'', a

botanical Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

species described by German bryologist Karl Müller.

Selected works

* ''Beobachtungen über Radiaten und Würmer in Nizza'', 1858 - Observations of

Radiata Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with radially symmetric body plans. The term Radiata is no longer accepted, as it united several different groupings of animals that do not form a monophyletic ...

and worms in

Nice Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...

. * ''Das Susswasser-Aquarium''. (1861) - The

freshwater aquarium A freshwater aquarium is a receptacle that holds one or more freshwater aquatic organisms for decorative, pet-keeping, or research purposes. Modern aquariums are most often made from transparent glass or acrylic glass. Typical inhabitants inclu ...

. * ''Reisen nach verschiedenen Inseln der Südsee'' 1867-68 - Journeys to different islands in the South Seas. * ''Reise im Innern dei Insel Viti-Levu''. Neuejahrblatt der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich 70: 1-48. (1868) - Journey in the interior of

Viti Levu Viti Levu (pronounced ) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji. It is the site of the nation's capital, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population. Geology Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian P ...

. Translated into English by Stefanie Vuikabe Waine and published as "Travels in the interior of Vitilevu" (1986). * ''Ueber eine Sendung Vögel aus Huahine'', 1873 - About an avian shipment from

Huahine Huahine is an island located among the Society Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Leeward Islands group ''(Îles sous le Vent).'' At the 2017 census it had a population of 6,075. ...

. * ''Topographie von Samoa'', 1873 - The topography of Samoa. * ''Samoa oder die Schifferinseln''. 1873 - Samoa or the Schiffer Islands. * ''Algen der Fidschi-, Tonga- und Samoa-Inseln, gesammelt von Eduard Graeffe'', 1874 (with

Albert Grunow Albert Grunow (3 November 1826, Berlin – 17 March 1914, Berndorf, Lower Austria) was a German-Austrian chemist and phycologist. He specialized in the study of diatoms. From 1851 he worked as a chemist in a metal works factory in Berndorf. ...

) -

Algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

from

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...

and Samoa. * ''Coelenteraten'', 1882 -

Coelenterata Coelenterata is a term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their relatives) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The name comes , referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyl ...

. * ''Ueber die Sprache, Sitten und Gebräuche der Samoaner'', 1888 - On the language, customs and other particulars of Samoans. * ''Contributo alla Fauna dei Ditteri dei dintorni di Trieste''. S.1-25. Trieste (1895), (with A. Funk). * ''Übersicht der Grabwespen (Fossores) des Küstenlandes'', (1912). * ''Die Carolineninsel Yap oder Guap nach den Mittheilungen von Alf. Tetens und Johann Kubary'', (Microform Reprint New Haven, Conn.) - The Carolines island of

Yap Yap ( yap, Waqaab) traditionally refers to an island group located in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean, a part of Yap State. The name "Yap" in recent years has come to also refer to the state within the Federated States of Micr ...

or Guap according to the reports of

Alfred Tetens Alfred Tetens (1 July 1835, in Wilster – 13 January 1903, in Hamburg) was a German captain, South Seas explorer and Senator of Hamburg. Life Tetens was the son of a ''Justizrat'' (senior counsel) and senator in Danish services. For many years ...

and Johann Kubary.Google Books
(publications)

Collections

Initially Graeffe's insect collection was in Das

in Hamburg. This collection was sold and Graeffe's specimens (and the material he had worked on) were divided between

Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste is a natural history museum in Trieste, northern Italy. It contains several collections, including more than two millions botanical, zoological, mineralogical, geological, and paleontological specimens. ...

(Hymenoptera, Diptera,

Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grassho ...

and Hemiptera) and the

Naturhistorisches Museum The Natural History Museum Vienna (german: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) is a large natural history museum located in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important natural history museums worldwide. The NHM Vienna is one of the largest museum ...

(Hymenoptera,

Diptera and Hemiptera). At least some material also ended up in the

Museum für Naturkunde The Natural History Museum (german: Museum für Naturkunde) is a natural history museum located in Berlin, Germany. It exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history and in such domain it is one of three major muse ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

References

* Alberti, G. ''Uomini e Insetti; La collezioni del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Trieste e la loro Storia''. Trieste, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale : 1-54 5-54 * Conci, C. & Poggi, R. 1996 ''Iconography of Italian Entomologists, with essential biographical data''. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75 159-382, 418 Fig. 159-382

External links

Bishop Museum
Clarification of the authorship of ''

Xixuthrus heros The giant Fijian long-horned beetle (''Xixuthrus '') is native to the island of Viti Levu in Fiji, and is one of the largest living insect species, with specimens around 15 cm long, excluding legs, antennae, or jaws. It is closely related ...

'' a beetle described by Graeffe. {{DEFAULTSORT:Graeffe, Eduard Heinrich Scientists from Zürich Swiss entomologists 19th-century Swiss zoologists Dipterists Hymenopterists 1833 births 1916 deaths