Iau (Iaw, Yau) or Turu is a

Lakes Plain language The Lakes Plain languages are a family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea. They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants. Classification The Lakes Plain languages were tenta ...

of West Papua, Indonesia, spoken by about 600 people. Most speakers are monolingual, and their number is growing. Other peoples in the western Lakes Plain area speak basic Iau. Iau is heavily tonal, with 11 tones on nouns and 19 simple and compound tones on verbs.

Names and dialects

Dialects are Foi (Poi), Turu, Edopi (Elopi), and Iau proper; these may be distinct enough to be considered separate languages. Foi is spoken on the large Tariku River (Rouffaer River), Turu on the

Van Daalen River The Van Daalen River is a river of Western New Guinea in the province of Papua, Indonesia. It is a tributary of Tariku River.Puncak Jaya Regency Puncak Jaya Regency is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in the Indonesian province of Central Papua. It is an inland highland regency,McGibbon, RoddPlural Society in Peril: Migration, Economic Change, and the Papua Conflict ''East–West Cente ...

, Iau dialects are spoken in Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages, located between the

Rouffaer River The Tariku or Rouffaer River is a river in the northern part of the Indonesian province of Papua. It is one of the major tributary of Mamberamo River with a total length of .

and

Van Daalen River The Van Daalen River is a river of Western New Guinea in the province of Papua, Indonesia. It is a tributary of Tariku River.

Phonology

The following discussion is based on Bateman (1990a).

Consonants

There are six consonants. /t d/ are dental; /s/ is alveolar. /b d/ are implosive, and may be realized as nasals , before the low nasal vowel /a/ ( �. /d/ may also be realized as the liquid before /a/. /f/ is pronounced ~ word-initially, or optionally as before the high nonback vowels /i ɨ/. The labial allophone is preferred in the Foi dialect; the glottal allophone is preferred in Turu. /f/ is always pronounced word-medially and as an unreleased plosive word-finally. /f/ is the only consonant that can occur word-finally, and occurs only in a limited number of words.

Vowels

The low vowel is always nasalized, except when it is a component of a diphthong. The open-mid front vowel varies between �and � The following diphthongs exist: No diphthongs begin with /ɪ i i̝/ or end in /a ɔ/. There are two triphthongs: /aui/ and /aʊɪ/. The back components of these triphthongs are realized as unrounded �and �̽

Syllables

Syllables consist minimally of a vowel. They may include a single onset consonant and/or a single coda consonant. Diphthongs and triphthongs are attested. The template is (C)(V)V(V)(C). The tone-bearing unit is the syllable.

Stress

Stress in Iau is predictable: it falls on the final syllable of disyllabic words. (Words may not be longer than two syllables.) The interaction between stress and tone is not clear.

Tone

Iau is the most tonally complex Lakes Plain language. Unlike other Lakes Plain languages which can be disyllabic or trisyllabic, Iau word structure is predominantly monosyllabic. Iau has eight phonemic tones, transcribed by Bateman using numerical tone numbers (with 1 high and 5 low, as in much of Africa and America but the opposite of the convention used with Asian languages): two level tones (low and high), two rising tones (low rising and high rising), three falling tones (high-low, high-mid, and mid-low), and one falling-rising tone. Phonetically, these are: *high 2 *mid 3 *high rising 21 *low rising 43 *high–low falling 24 *high–mid falling 23 *mid–low falling 34 *falling–rising 243 A sequence of two tones (called a tone cluster) may occur on one syllable. There are eleven tone clusters that can occur on verbs to mark aspect; only three of these can occur on nouns. Some minimal sets in Iau illustrating phonemic tonal contrasts: * 'father-in-law' * 'fire' * 'snake' * 'path' * 'thorn' * 'flower' * 'small eel' * 'tree fern' * 'pig wallow' * 'mosquito' * 'man' * 'edible tuber' * 'calf of leg' * 'inlet of body of water' * 'flooring' Examples of monosyllabic words with the three 'compound' tones are 'mountain', 'hand' and 'knife'. There is downdrift after low (3) and falling tones, and also of (24) following (243). A high-rising (21) tone rises slightly after another. Tone is lexical on nouns, pronouns, numerals, prepositions and other parts of speech, but verbs are unmarked for tone. In verbs, each tone represents a different aspect or aktionsart. The complex system of aspectual marking via tone is discussed in Bateman (1986).

Aspect

Iau also displays complex tonal verb morphology. Verbal roots do not have any inherent tone, but tone is used to mark aspect on verbs. Example paradigms:

Mood

Tonal alternations can also serve as final mood and speech act particles. *''tone 2'': speaker assumes the information is correct (such as rhetorical questions) *''tone 34'': speaker asks a question to confirm what he believes is true (such as yes-no questions) *''tone 23'': speaker is uncertain about the actual state of affairs Example sentences:

References

*Bateman, Janet. 1982. The topic-comment construction in Iau. In Marit Kana (ed.), ''Workpapers in Indonesian linguistics'', vol. 1, 28–49. Irian Jaya, Indonesian: Universitas Cenderawasih. *Bateman, Janet. 1986. Iau verb morphology. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 26. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. 1–76. http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v26.pdf *Bateman, Janet. 1990a. Iau segmental and tone phonology. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 32. 29–42. http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v32-p29-42.pdf *Bateman, Janet. 1990b. Pragmatic functions of the tone morphemes on illocutionary force particles in Iau. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 32. 1–28. *Edmondson, A., Janet Bateman & Helen Miehle. 1992. Tone contours and tone clusters in Iau. ''Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on the Typology of Tone Languages'', vol. 18, 92–103. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/1544/1327 {{Lakes Plain languages Tonal languages Languages of western New Guinea Tariku languages