Jacques Rodolphe Edmund Landolt (17 May 1846 – 9 May 1926) was a Swiss

ophthalmologist Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgery, surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Followin ...

stationed in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

, mostly known for a wide range of publications and his research in the field of

ophthalmology Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Following a medic ...

First years

Edmund Landolt was born in Kirchberg,

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

, of a French mother, Rosina Baumgartner, and Swiss father, Rudolf Landolt. He came to

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

during the war in 1871 with a Swiss ambulance hospital, and was present at the battles around Belfort, where he contracted

enteric fever Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by ''Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several d ...

Study and work

Studied at University of Zurich where he got a

Ph.D. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is a ...

in 1869 and was through this time and later pupil of

Knapp Knapp may refer to: People * Knapp (surname) Places * Knapp, Dunn County, Wisconsin * Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin * Knapp, Hampshire, England, a village in the parish of Ampfield * Knapp, Perthshire, Scotland * Knapp Creek (West Virgi ...

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...

, Ferdinand Arlt in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

, Von Graefe and

Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability. The Helmholtz Association, ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

Horner Horner is an English and German surname that derives from the Middle English word for the occupation ''horner'', meaning horn-worker or horn-maker, or even horn-blower. People *Alison Horner (born 1966), British businesswoman * Arthur Horner (dis ...

Zürich Zürich () is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 43 ...

, and Snellen and Donders in

Utrecht Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...

. Worked in physiological optics with, among others, Snellen and Donders. After study and practice in Utrecht and

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

he established himself in

in 1874 where he became

oculist Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Following a medic ...

to the

Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles (''National Institute for Blind Children'' or ''Royal Institution for Blind Youth''), in Paris, was the first special school for blind students in the world, and served as a model for many subsequent schools ...

. With Panas (1832–1903) and Poncet (1849–1913) he re-founded the

Archives d'ophtalmologie An archive is an accumulation of historical records or materials – in any medium – or the physical facility in which they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or ...

in 1881 and co-directed the Laboratoire d’Ophtalmologie with Javal. Landolt's eye clinic on the Rue Saint-André-des-Arts was world-famous. There he treated, among others, Mary Cassatt, and gave her a diagnosis of cataracts.

Special fields of work

Ocular muscles and their disorders. Pioneering the work in their study and treatment. He discovered “Landolt's bodies” between the rods and cones of the

outer nuclear layer The outer nuclear layer (or layer of outer granules or external nuclear layer), is one of the layers of the vertebrate retina, the light-detecting portion of the eye. Like the inner nuclear layer The inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules, ...

of the

retina The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then ...

, investigated the functions of the ocular muscles and devised a new advancement operation. Famous for his publication of

Landolt C The Landolt C, also known as a Landolt ring, Landolt broken ring, or Japanese vision test, is an optotype: a standardized symbol used for testing vision. It was developed by the Swiss-born ophthalmologist Edmund Landolt. The Landolt C consists o ...

Publications

English

* ''The introduction of the metrical system into ophthalmology'', London : J. & A. Churchill, 1876. * ''The artificial eye'', London : Trübner & Co., 1879. ** tr. Edgar Athelstane Browne * ''A manual of examination of the eyes. A course of lectures delivered at the "Ećole pratique,"'', Philadelphia, D. G. Brinton, 1879. ** tr. Swan M Burnett * ''A manual of examination of the eyes. A course of lectures delivered at the "École pratique,"'', Philadelphia, D. G. Brinton, 1879. ** Ed. 2.: London : Baillie're, Tindall & Cox, 1879. * ''On myopia'', London : Harrison and Sons, 1879. * ''On insufficiency of the power of convergence'', .l. : [s.n. 1886. * ''The refraction and accommodation of the eye and their anomalies'', Edinburgh, Pentland, 1886. ** Ed. 2.: Phila., J. B. Lippincott & Co.">J. B. Lippincott Company J. B. Lippincott & Co. was an American publishing house founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1836 by Joshua Ballinger Lippincott. It was incorporated in 1885 as J. B. Lippincott Company. History 1836–1977 Joshua Ballinger Lippincott (Marc ...

First years

Study and work

Special fields of work

Publications

English

French

Family

Curiosity

References

External links

Stub