Edith Stein (religious name Saint Teresia Benedicta a Cruce ; also known as Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross or Saint Edith Stein; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942) was a
German Jewish philosopher who converted to
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...
and became a
Discalced Carmelite nun
A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.''The Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. X, page 599. The term is o ...
. She is canonized as a
martyr
A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an externa ...
and
saint of the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
; she is also one of six
patron saints of Europe.
She was born into an observant
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
family, but had become an
agnostic by her teenage years. Moved by the tragedies of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, in 1915, she took lessons to become a nursing assistant and worked in an infectious diseases hospital. After completing her doctoral thesis at the
University of Freiburg
The University of Freiburg (colloquially german: Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (german: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemb ...
in 1916, she obtained an assistantship there.
From reading the life of the reformer of the
Carmelite Order, Saint
Teresa of Ávila
Teresa of Ávila, OCD (born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada; 28 March 15154 or 15 October 1582), also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Spanish Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.
Active during t ...
, Edith Stein was drawn to the Christian faith. She was
baptized on 1 January 1922 into the Catholic Church. At that point, she wanted to become a Discalced Carmelite nun but was dissuaded by her spiritual mentor, the abbot of
Beuron Archabbey. She then taught at a Catholic
school of education in
Speyer
Speyer (, older spelling ''Speier'', French: ''Spire,'' historical English: ''Spires''; pfl, Schbaija) is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Located on the left bank of the river Rhine, Speyer li ...
. As a result of the requirement of an "
Aryan certificate
In Nazi Germany, the Aryan certificate/passport (german: Ariernachweis) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the presumed Aryan race. Beginning in April 1933, it was required from all employees and officials in the publ ...
" for
civil servants promulgated by the Nazi government in April 1933 as part of its
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, she had to quit her teaching position.
Edith Stein was admitted as a postulant to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in
Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
on 14 October, on the first
vespers
Vespers is a service of evening prayer, one of the canonical hours in Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic (both Latin and Eastern), Lutheran, and Anglican liturgies. The word for this fixed prayer time comes from the Latin , meanin ...
of the feast of Saint Teresa of Ávila, and received the
religious habit as a
novice
A novice is a person who has entered a religious order and is under probation, before taking vows. A ''novice'' can also refer to a person (or animal e.g. racehorse) who is entering a profession with no prior experience.
Religion Buddhism
...
in April 1934, taking the
religious name ''Teresia Benedicta a Cruce'' (Teresia in remembrance of Saint Teresa of Ávila, Benedicta in honour of Saint
Benedict of Nursia). She made her temporary vows on 21 April 1935, and her perpetual vows on 21 April 1938.
The same year, Teresa Benedicta a Cruce and her biological sister Rosa, by then also a convert and an extern (tertiary of the Order, who would handle the community's needs outside the monastery), were sent to the
Carmelite monastery
Carmelite Monastery (Sisters of Mercy Convent) is a historic monastery at 400 E. Carpenter Street in Stanton, Texas.
It was built in 1882 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
The property was also designated a Recorded ...
in
Echt,
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, for their safety. In response to the pastoral letter from the Dutch bishops on July 26, 1942, in which they made the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis a central theme, all baptized Catholics of Jewish origin (according to police reports, 244 people) were arrested by the Gestapo on the following Sunday, 2 August 1942. They were sent to the
Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered in a
gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide.
History
...
on 9 August 1942.
Early life
![Bad Bergzabern-St Martin-36-Edith Stein-2019-gje](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Bad_Bergzabern-St_Martin-36-Edith_Stein-2019-gje.jpg)
Edith Stein was born in
Breslau (now
Wrocław
Wrocław (; german: Breslau, or . ; Silesian German: ''Brassel'') is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, rou ...
, Poland),
Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia ( pl, Dolny Śląsk; cz, Dolní Slezsko; german: Niederschlesien; szl, Dolny Ślōnsk; hsb, Delnja Šleska; dsb, Dolna Šlazyńska; Silesian German: ''Niederschläsing''; la, Silesia Inferior) is the northwestern part of the ...
, into an observant
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
family. She was the youngest of 11 children and was born on
Yom Kippur
Yom Kippur (; he, יוֹם כִּפּוּר, , , ) is the holiest day in Judaism and Samaritanism. It occurs annually on the 10th of Tishrei, the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Primarily centered on atonement and repentance, the day' ...
, the holiest day of the
Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew calendar ( he, הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי, translit=HaLuah HaIvri), also called the Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observance, and as an official calendar of the state of Israel. ...
; these facts combined to make her a favorite of her mother.
She was a very gifted child who enjoyed learning, in a home where her mother encouraged critical thinking, and she greatly admired her mother's strong religious faith. By her teenage years, however, Stein had become an agnostic.
Though her father died while she was young, her widowed mother was determined to give her children a thorough education and consequently sent Edith to study at the
Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Breslau. At age 19, Stein moved with her family to Breslau to a house bought by her mother, which she later described in her ''Autobiography''. Today, Edith Stein House hosts a museum dedicated to the history of the Stein family.
Academic career
In April 1913, Stein arrived at the
University of Göttingen
The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (german: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, known informally as Georgia Augusta) is a public research university in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Founded ...
in order to study for the summer semester with
Edmund Husserl
, thesis1_title = Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations)
, thesis1_url = https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:58535/bdef:Book/view
, thesis1_year = 1883
, thesis2_title ...
. By the end of the summer, she had decided to pursue her
doctoral degree
A doctorate (from Latin ''docere'', "to teach"), doctor's degree (from Latin ''doctor'', "teacher"), or doctoral degree is an academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism ''l ...
in philosophy under Husserl and chose
empathy
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position. Definitions of empathy encompass a broad range of social, co ...
as her thesis topic. Her studies were interrupted in July 1914 because of the outbreak of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. She then served as a volunteer wartime
Red Cross
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and ...
nurse in an infectious diseases hospital at
Mährisch Weißkirchen in 1915. In 1916, Stein moved to the
University of Freiburg
The University of Freiburg (colloquially german: Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (german: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemb ...
in order to complete her dissertation on
Empathy
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position. Definitions of empathy encompass a broad range of social, co ...
. Shortly before receiving her degree from Freiburg she agreed to become Husserl's assistant there. Her dissertation entitled ''Das Einfühlungsproblem in seiner historischen Entwicklung und in phänomenologischer Betrachtung'' (''The Empathy Problem as it Developed Historically and Considered Phenomenologically'')
was awarded a doctorate in philosophy with the ''
summa cum laude'' honor. Stein then became a member of the faculty at Freiburg, where she worked until 1918 as a
teaching assistant
A teaching assistant or teacher's aide (TA) or education assistant (EA) or team teacher (TT) is an individual who assists a teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include ''graduate teaching assistants'' (GTAs), who are graduate stude ...
to Husserl, who had transferred to that institution.
[ The University of Göttingen rejected her ]habilitation thesis
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including a ...
in 1919.[ Although Stein passed her doctoral examination with distinction, her attempts to habilitate failed due to the fact that Stein was a woman.][
Her rejected habilitation thesis, ''Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften'' (''Contributions to the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology and the Human Sciences''), was published in the ''Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung'' in 1922.][ She is categorized as a realistic phenomenologist.
While Stein had earlier contacts with Catholicism, it was her reading of the autobiography of the mystic ]Teresa of Ávila
Teresa of Ávila, OCD (born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada; 28 March 15154 or 15 October 1582), also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Spanish Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.
Active during t ...
during summer holidays in Bad Bergzabern in 1921 that prompted her conversion and eventually the desire to seek the life of a Discalced Carmelite. Baptized on 1 January 1922, and dissuaded by her spiritual advisers from immediately seeking entry to the enclosed and hidden life of a Carmelite nun, Stein obtained a position to teach at the Dominican nuns' school in Speyer
Speyer (, older spelling ''Speier'', French: ''Spire,'' historical English: ''Spires''; pfl, Schbaija) is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Located on the left bank of the river Rhine, Speyer li ...
from 1923 to 1931. While there, Stein translated Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...
' ''De Veritate'' (''Of Truth'') into German, familiarized herself with Catholic philosophy in general and tried to bridge the phenomenology of her former teacher, Husserl, to Thomism
Thomism is the philosophical and theological school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), the Dominican philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, Aquinas' disputed questions ...
. She visited Husserl and Heidegger at Freiburg in April 1929, the same month that Heidegger gave a speech to Husserl on his 70th birthday. In 1932 she became a lecturer at the Catholic Church-affiliated Institute for Scientific Pedagogy
Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...
in Münster
Münster (; nds, Mönster) is an independent city (''Kreisfreie Stadt'') in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also a state di ...
, but antisemitic legislation passed by the Nazi government
The government of Nazi Germany was totalitarian, run by the Nazi Party in Germany according to the Führerprinzip through the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. Nazi Germany began with the fact that the Enabling Act was enacted to give Hitler's gover ...
forced her to resign the post in 1933. In a letter to Pope Pius XI, she denounced the Nazi regime and asked the Pope to openly denounce the regime "to put a stop to this abuse of Christ's name."
Her letter received no answer, and it is not known for certain whether the Pope ever saw it. However, in 1937 the Pope issued an encyclical written in German, ''Mit brennender Sorge
''Mit brennender Sorge'' ( , in English "With deep anxiety") ''On the Church and the German Reich'' is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, 14 March)."Church and st ...
'' (according to its German first words, lit. "With deep anxiety"), in which he criticized Nazism, listed violations of the Concordat
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, ''What is Canon Law?'' (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 st Edi ...
between Germany and the Church of 1933, and condemned antisemitism.
Discalced Carmelite nun and martyr
Stein entered the Discalced Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) in Cologne-Lindenthal in October 1933 and took the religious name ''Teresia Benedicta a Cruce'' (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross). In Cologne she wrote her metaphysical
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ...
book ''Endliches und ewiges Sein'' (''Finite and Eternal Being''), which attempted to combine the philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known ...
, Duns Scotus
John Duns Scotus ( – 8 November 1308), commonly called Duns Scotus ( ; ; "Duns the Scot"), was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, university professor, philosopher, and theologian. He is one of the four most important ...
and Husserl.
To avoid the growing Nazi
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
threat, the Order transferred Edith and her sister, Rosa, who was also a convert and an extern sister of the Carmel, to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Echt, Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. There she wrote ''Studie über Joannes a Cruce: Kreuzeswissenschaft'' ("Studies on John of the Cross
John of the Cross, OCD ( es, link=no, Juan de la Cruz; la, Ioannes a Cruce; born Juan de Yepes y Álvarez; 24 June 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin. He is a major figu ...
: The Science of the Cross"). In her testament of 9 June 1939 she wrote:
Stein's move to Echt prompted her to be more devout and even more observant of the Carmelite rule. After having her teaching position revoked by the implementation of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Stein quickly eased back into the role of instructor at the convent in Echt, teaching both fellow sisters and students within the community Latin and philosophy.[Mosley, J. (2006). The Ultimate Sacrifice. In Edith Stein: Modern Saint and Martyr (pp. 43-52). Mahwah, N.J.: HiddenSpring.]
Even prior to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, Stein believed she would not survive the war, going so far as to write the Prioress to request her permission to "allow teinto offer erelf to the heart of Jesus as a sacrifice of atonement for true peace" and made a will. Her fellow sisters would later recount how Stein began "quietly training herself for life in a concentration camp, by enduring cold and hunger" after the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940.
Ultimately, she would not be safe in the Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. The Dutch Bishops' Conference had a public statement read in all churches across the nation on 20 July 1942 condemning Nazi racism
Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonis ...
. In a retaliatory response on 26 July 1942 the Reichskommissar
(, rendered as "Commissioner of the Empire", "Reich Commissioner" or "Imperial Commissioner"), in German history, was an official gubernatorial title used for various public offices during the period of the German Empire and Nazi Germany.
Ger ...
of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart (German: Seyß-Inquart, ; 22 July 1892 16 October 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before the ''Anschluss''. His positions in Nazi Germany included "deputy govern ...
, ordered the arrest of all Jewish converts who had previously been spared. Along with two hundred and forty-three baptized Jews living in the Netherlands, Stein was arrested by the SS on 2 August 1942. Stein and her sister Rosa were imprisoned at the concentration camps of Amersfoort
Amersfoort () is a city and municipality in the province of Utrecht, Netherlands, about 20 km from the city of Utrecht and 40 km south east of Amsterdam. As of 1 December 2021, the municipality had a population of 158,531, making it the second- ...
and Westerbork before being deported to Auschwitz. A Dutch official at Westerbork was so impressed by her sense of faith and calm, he offered her an escape plan. Stein vehemently refused his assistance, stating: "If somebody intervened at this point and took away erchance to share in the fate of erbrothers and sisters, that would be utter annihilation."
On 7 August 1942, early in the morning, 987 Jews were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. It was probably on 9 August that Sister Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, her sister Rosa, and many more Jewish people were killed in a gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide.
History
...
.
Philosophy
Stein's development as a philosopher is frequently divided into three periods: an early, phenomenological (1916-25), a middle, comparative (1925-33) and a late, Christian (1935-42). In reality the same factors work themselves out throughout her work and propels it forward: 1. a profound understanding of and commitment to the phenomenological method as taught by Husserl and Reinach; 2. a deep sense of responsibility to the other for what we believe and 3. an acceptance of my own inability to form a complete, meaningful worldview without divine assistance. The three periods are best understood as stages of integration of these three factors, with Stein's baptism New Year's Day 1922, marking a decisive step on the way and her entering Carmel 14 October 1933 marking another.
The early phenomenological period (1916-25)
Stein's dissertation on empathy was according to her own account an attempt to fill a gap in Husserl's work. In her autobiographical ''Life in a Jewish Family'', she recalled that he took empathy to be the crucial act in which intersubjectivity was established, but nowhere detailed exactly what was meant by it. She therefore wanted to undertake this task and thereby clarify this crucial idea for the development of the phenomenological movement. While working as Husserl's assistant (1916-18) she edited Husserl's manuscripts of what was later to be published as ''Ideas II'' and ''III'', and in the process came to understand the extraordinary importance this act has for our constitution of the intersubjective world, and in particular for the objects studied by psychology and the humanities. When she resigned from her position as Husserl's assistant, the phenomenological constitution of those objects: the psyche and the spirit, it was thus the first work she undertook. The result was the two treatises of ''Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities'', published in Husserl's ''Jahrbuch'' 1922: ''Psychic Causality'' and ''Individual and Community''. From this period also dates ''Introduction to Philosophy,'' ''An Investigation Concerning the State,'' and very importantly ''Freedom and Grace''.
The middle comparative period (1925-33)
Encouraged to study and compare Thomas Aquinas' philosophy with that of the phenomenological movement, Stein embarked on a translation project of Aquinas' ''De Veritate'', which was to be published in two volumes in 1932. The work, which translates Aquinas' way of thinking into a modern German idiom and restyles it as a contemporary academic treatise, occasioned that Stein engaged with Aquinas' thought as a phenomenologist, i.e. as someone interested in the matters discussed by Aquinas, as distinct from providing an interpretation of Aquinas' thought or writing in prolongation of it as a thomist. The most important works from this period are 'Husserl and Aquinas: A Comparison', in which she discusses the differing methodologies of Husserl and Aquinas and accounts for their differences, ''Potency and Act'', in which she attempts a phenomenological investigation of 'potency' and 'act' and the twin work of anthropology: The ''Structure of the Human Person''. ''Philosophical Anthropology'' and ''What is the Human Being?'' ''Theological Anthropology'' (the second volume remains a highly developed draft rather than a completed work, since Stein's lectures were canceled in 1933). During this period she also lectures on women's education and vocation and on education in general to very large audiences and to great acclaim. In these lectures, published in ESGA 13 and ESGA 16, she works out for herself the important questions concerning social type and essence, which find a fuller development in ''The Structure of the Human Person''.
The later Christian period (1934-42)
The first task Stein was assigned in the monastery was the writing of her incomplete autobiography, ''Life in a Jewish Family'', a confession of her life as much as an apology in the literal sense for being of Jewish descent. Her next assignment was to prepare ''Potency and Act'' for publication, a task she accomplished by writing a new book: ''Finite and Eternal Being – An Ascent to the Meaning of Being''. This work proposed a phenomenological doctrine of being ''(Seinslehre)'', which knows itself to be Christian, i.e. as taking Christian Revelation to contribute towards the view of the world in which it looks for and finds the meaning of being in being's unfolding. Stein also worked on Dionysius the Areopagite
Dionysius the Areopagite (; grc-gre, Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης ''Dionysios ho Areopagitēs'') was an Athenian judge at the Areopagus Court in Athens, who lived in the first century. A convert to Christianity, he is venerate ...
, translating his works into German and writing (for him) a work supposed to be lost on symbolic theology. Stein's final work, the ''Science of the Cross'', was a commentary on St. John of the Cross
John of the Cross, OCD ( es, link=no, Juan de la Cruz; la, Ioannes a Cruce; born Juan de Yepes y Álvarez; 24 June 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin. He is a major figu ...
, which developed the specifically Carmelite understanding of the depths of the soul, already of interest to Stein in her early work.
Legacy and veneration
Teresa Benedicta of the Cross was beatified as a martyr on 1 May 1987 in Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
, Germany, by Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...
and then canonized by him 11 years later on 11 October 1998 in Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
. The miracle that was the basis for her canonization is the cure of Benedicta McCarthy, a little girl who had swallowed a large amount of paracetamol ( acetaminophen), which causes hepatic
The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is ...
necrosis. The young girl's father, Emmanuel Charles McCarthy, a priest of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, immediately called together relatives and prayed for Teresa's intercession. Shortly thereafter the nurses in the intensive care unit saw her sit up, completely healthy. Ronald Kleinman, a pediatric specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
who treated the girl, testified about her recovery to Church tribunals, stating: "I was willing to say that it was miraculous." McCarthy would later attend Sr. Teresa Benedicta's canonization.
Teresa Benedicta of the Cross is one of the six patron saint
A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Catholicism, Anglicanism, or Eastern Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or perso ...
s of Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
, together with Benedict of Nursia, Cyril and Methodius
Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs".
They are credited wit ...
, Bridget of Sweden
Bridget of Sweden (c. 1303 – 23 July 1373) born as Birgitta Birgersdotter, also Birgitta of Vadstena, or Saint Birgitta ( sv, heliga Birgitta), was a mystic and a saint, and she was also the founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks after ...
, and Catherine of Siena
Catherine of Siena (Italian: ''Caterina da Siena''; 25 March 1347 – 29 April 1380), a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic, was a mystic, activist, and author who had a great influence on Italian literature and on the Catholic Church ...
.
Today there are many schools named in tribute to her, for example in her hometown, Lubliniec
Lubliniec (german: Lublinitz) is a town in southern Poland with 23,784 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Lubliniec County, part of Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously it was in Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Geograp ...
, Poland Darmstadt, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, Hengelo
Hengelo (; Tweants: ) is a city in the eastern part of the Netherlands, in the province of Overijssel. The city lies along the motorways A1/E30 and A35 and it has a station for the international Amsterdam – Hannover – Berlin service.
Popu ...
, Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, and Mississauga, Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...
, Canada. Also named for her are a women's dormitory at the University of Tübingen
The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (german: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; la, Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-W ...
and a classroom building at The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts
Worcester ( , ) is a city and county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, the city's population was 206,518 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the second-List of cities i ...
.
Lubliniec
Lubliniec (german: Lublinitz) is a town in southern Poland with 23,784 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Lubliniec County, part of Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously it was in Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Geograp ...
in Poland hosts Edith Stein Museum (Muzeum Pro Memoria Edith Stein) localised on the first floor of the Courant family house (Edith Stein's grandparents' family home). Wroclaw hosts a museum called Edith Stein House localised in the house Edith's mother bought for the family in 1919 on the street then called Michaelisstrasse 38 (today Nowowiejska 38).
In Vienna, the Edith-Stein-Haus at Ebendorferstraße 8 is the main location of the Catholic University Chaplaincy and the university pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Vienna. In the spirit of Karl Strobl's model of the "Catholic Student House", the house is also home to a chapel consecrated to Edith Stein as well as a dormitory for about 90 students.
The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre published a book in 2006 titled ''Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913–1922'', in which he contrasted her living of her own personal philosophy with Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...
, whose actions during the Nazi era, according to MacIntyre, suggested a "bifurcation of personality."
Playwright Arthur Giron wrote ''Edith Stein'', a play that was inspired by Stein's life. It was produced at the Pittsburgh Public Theater
Pittsburgh Public Theater, or The Public for short, is a professional theater company located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After the retirement of longtime Producing Artistic Director Ted Pappas, The Public began the 2018–2019 season with a new ...
in 1988.
In 1988, Edith Stein was pictured on a German postage stamp with Rupert Mayer
Rupert Mayer (23 January 1876 – 1 November 1945) was a German Jesuit priest and a leading figure of the Catholic resistance to Nazism in Munich. In 1987, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II.
Early life
Mayer was born and grew up in Stuttg ...
SJ in honor of their beatification.
In 1995, Hungarian film director Márta Mészáros
Márta Mészáros (born 19 September 1931) is a Hungarian screenwriter and film director. The daughter of László Mészáros, a sculptor, Mészáros began her career working in documentary film, having made 25 documentary shorts over the spa ...
made a movie about the life and death of Edith Stein with the title '' A hetedik szoba'' (The Seventh Room/Chamber), starring Maia Morgenstern
Maia Emilia Ninel Morgenstern (; born 1 May 1962) is a Romanian film and stage actress, Gabriela DumbaPur și SIMPLU, Maia Morgenstern, ("Pure and simple, Maia Morgenstern", but with a pun, because Simplu is a Romanian musical group with whom ...
.
In 1999, a memorial statue by German sculptor Bert Gerresheim was dedicated in Cologne, Germany. The statue comprises three different views of Stein reflecting her Jewish and Christian faith, and a pile of empty shoes representing the victims of the holocaust.
In 2007, Stein's life and work was dramatised in the novel ''Winter Under Water'' (Picador, London) by author James Hopkin.
In 2008, the first ''Stolperstein
A (; plural ; literally 'stumbling stone', metaphorically a 'stumbling block') is a sett-size, concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution.
The project, initia ...
'' ( pl, kamienie pamięci) that was ever laid in Poland was placed near Edith Stein's childhood home at 38 ul. Nowowiejska (formerly the Michaelisstraße) in Wrocław. Other ''Stolpersteine'' for her are in Cologne (several) and Freiburg.
In 2009, her bust
Bust commonly refers to:
* A woman's breasts
* Bust (sculpture), of head and shoulders
* An arrest
Bust may also refer to:
Places
* Bust, Bas-Rhin, a city in France
*Lashkargah, Afghanistan, known as Bust historically
Media
* ''Bust'' (magazin ...
was installed at the Walhalla Memorial near Regensburg, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
. In June 2009 the International Association for the Study of the Philosophy of Edith Stein (IASPES) was founded, and held its first international conference at Maynooth University, Ireland, in order to advance the philosophical writings of Stein.
On 6 June 2014, the 70th anniversary of D-Day, a bell dedicated to her was named by Prince Charles at Bayeux Cathedral.
Also in 2014, the book ''Edith Stein and Regina Jonas
Regina Jonas (; German: ''Regine Jonas'';As documented by ''Landesarchiv Berlin; Berlin, Deutschland; Personenstandsregister Geburtsregister; Laufendenummer 892'' which reads: "''In front of the signed registrar appeared today... Wolff Jonas... a ...
: Religious Visionaries in the Time of the Death Camps'', by Emily Leah Silverman, was published.
In 2022, Stein was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 9 August.
Controversy as to the cause of her murder
The beatification
Beatification (from Latin ''beatus'', "blessed" and ''facere'', "to make”) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their nam ...
of St. Teresa Benedicta as a martyr
A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an externa ...
generated criticism. Critics argued that she was murdered because she was Jewish by birth, rather than for her Christian faith, and that, in the words of Daniel Polish, the beatification seemed to "carry the tacit message encouraging conversionary activities" because "official discussion of the beatification seemed to make a point of conjoining Stein's Catholic faith with her death with 'fellow Jews' in Auschwitz." The position of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
is that St. Teresa Benedicta also died because of the Dutch episcopacy's public condemnation of Nazi racism in 1942; in other words, that she died because of the moral teaching of the Church and is thus a true martyr.
Gallery
File:PikiWiki Israel 28182 Memorial to Saint Edith Stein in Stella Maris chur.JPG, Memorial to Edith Stein in Stella Maris Monastery
The Stella Maris Monastery is a Catholic Christian monastery for Discalced Carmelite monks, located on the slopes of Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.
The main church inside the Stella Maris Monastery is said to contain the Cave of Elijah, a grotto a ...
, Haifa
Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...
, Israel
File:Plum Edith Stein und Maximilian Kolbe.JPG, The Martyrdom of Edith Stein depicted in a stained glass work by Alois Plum, in Kassel, Germany
File:Praha edith stein.JPG, Memorial to Edith Stein in Prague
Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and List of cities in the Czech Republic, largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 milli ...
, Czech Republic
File:Edith-Stein-Tafel.jpg, Edith Stein in a relief by Heinrich Schreiber in the Church of Our Lady in Wittenberg
Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the River Elbe, north o ...
, Germany
File:Bergzabern Edith-Stein Secretum-meum-mihi.jpg, Sculpture near her baptismal church in Bad Bergzabern
File:Stolpersteine Köln, Edith Stein - 3 (Vor den Siebenburgen 6).jpg, alt=Stolperstein for Edith Stein., Stolperstein
A (; plural ; literally 'stumbling stone', metaphorically a 'stumbling block') is a sett-size, concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution.
The project, initia ...
for Edith Stein at the location of the former Carmelite monastery in Köln-Lindenthal
Bibliography
For a detailed chronology of Stein's writings se
IASPES' website
Primary literature
In German
* 1917, ''Zum Problem der Einfühlung'' Halle: ''Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses''. (Doctoral Thesis
A thesis ( : theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: ...
).
*1916-1220, ''Einführung in die Philosophie'', lectures taught at a proseminar in Freiburg in 1916-1918 and, later, privately in Breslau i
Edith Stein House
in 1920
* 1921, ''Freiheit und Gnade''. This work has for years been wrongly identified and quoted as ''Die ontische Struktur der Person und ihre erkenntnistheoretische Problematik'', a title that appeared in print after WWII due to an incorrect connection between title page and work.
*1922, ''Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften'', in ''Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung'' 5, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1-284.
*1924, ''Was ist Phänomenologie?''
*1924, ''Was ist Philosophie? Ein Gespräch zwischen Edmund Husserl und Thomas von Aquino''
* 1925, ''Eine Untersuchung über den Staat'', in ''Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung'' 7, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1-123.
* 1929, ''Husserls Phänomenologie und die Philosophie des heiligen Thomas von Aquino. Versuch einer Gegenüberstellung'', in ''Festschrift Edmund Husserl zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet'', (''Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung'' 10), Ergänzungsband, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 315–338.
*1930/1931, ''Die weltanschauliche Bedeutung der Phänomenologie''
*1931, ''Potenz und Akt. Studien zu einer Philosophie des Seins''
*1932, ''Der Aufbau der menschlichen Person. Vorlesung zur philosophischen Anthropologie''
*1933, ''Was ist der Mensch? Theologische Anthropologie.'' ''Das Menschenbild unseres Glaube''ns
*1928-1933, ''Die Frau. Fragestellungen und Reflexionen''
*1935/1936, ''Endliches und ewiges Sein. Versuch eines Aufstiegs zum Sinn des Seins,'' written with two supplements:
**''Die Seelenburg zu Endliches und ewiges Sein''
**''Martin Heidegger’s Existenzphilosophie''
*1940/1941, ''Wege der Gotteserkenntnis. Studie zu Dionysius Areopagita''
*1941/1942, ''Kreuzeswissenschaft. Studie über Johannes vom Kreuz''
*1962, ''Welt und Person'' (posthumous publication)
Contemporary critical edition
(''Edith Stein Gesamtausgabe'', Herder 2000-2020) with English and Polish translations available
* ESGA 1: Stein E., ''Aus dem Leben einer jüdischen Familie'' ''und weitere autobiographische Beiträge'', Herder, Freiburg 2002.
*# English translation: CWES 1: ''Life in a Jewish Family: Her Unfinished Autobiographical Account'', trans. Josephine Koeppel in: ''The Collected Works of Edith Stein. Volume 1'', ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1986;
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 1: ''Dzieje pewnej rodziny żydowskiej'', trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2005.
* ESGA 2: Stein E., ''Selbstbildnis in Briefen I. Erster Teil 1916-1933'', Herder, Freiburg 2000.
*# English translation: CWES 5: ''Self-portrait in Letters 1916-1942'', trans. Josephine Koeppel in: ''The Collected Works of Edith Stein. Volume 1'', ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1993.
*# Polish translation: ''Autoportret z listów I'', trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Anna Talarek, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003.
* ESGA 3: Stein E., ''Selbstbildnis in Briefen II. Zweiter Teil 1933-1942'', Herder, Freiburg 2000.
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 3: ''Autoportret z listów II,'' trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Anna Talarek, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003.
* ESGA 4: Stein E., ''Selbstbildnis in Briefen III. Briefe an Roman Ingarden'', Herder, Freiburg 2005.
*# English translation: CWES 12: ''Self-Portrait in Letters'', trans. Hugh Candler Hunt, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2001.
*# Polish translation ESGA PL 4: ''Autoportret z listów. Cz. 3. Listy do Romana Ingardena'' trans. Małgorzata Klentak-Zabłocka, Andrzej Wajs, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2003; an older Polish translation: PL 4: ''Spór o prawdę istnienia. Listy Edith Stein do Romana Ingardena'', trans. Małgorzata Klentak-Zabłocka, Andrzej Wajs, Wydawnictwo M, Warsaw 1994.
* ESGA 5: Stein E., ''Zum Problem der Einfühlung'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008.
*# English translation: CWES 3: ''On the problem of empathy'', trans. Waltraut Stein, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1989.
*# Polish translation: ''O zagadnieniu wczucia'', trans. Danuta Gierulanka, Jerzy F. Gierula, Znak, Cracow 1988.
* ESGA 6: Stein E., ''Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2010.
*# English translation: CWES 7: ''Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities'', trans. Mary Catharine Baseheart, Marianne Sawicki, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2000;
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 6: ''Filozofia psychologii i humanistyki'', trans. Piotr Janik SJ, Marcin Baran SJ, Jolanta Gaca, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2016.
* ESGA 7: Stein E., ''Eine Untersuchung über den Staat'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2006.
*# English translation: CWES 10: ''An Investigation Concerning the State'', trans. Marianne Sawicki, ICS Publication, Washington D.C. 2006.
* ESGA 8: Stein E., ''Einführung in die Philosophie'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2004.
*# No translation is available.
* ESGA 9: Stein E., ''‘Freiheit und Gnade’ und weitere Beiträge zu Phänomenologie und Ontologie'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014.
*# English translation: CWES 8: ''Husserl and Aquinas. A Comparison'', in: CWES 8: ''Knowledge and Faith'', trans. Walter Redmond, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2000, pp. 1-64. Older translation is available in: M. C. Baseheart, ''Person in the World: Introduction to the Philosophy of Edith Stein'', Kluwer, Dordrecht 1997, pp. 129-144, transl. by M. C. Baseheart.
*# Polish translation of ''Was Ist Philosophie? Ein Gespräch zwischen Edmund Husserl und Thomas von Aquino'' is ''Co to jest filozofia? Rozmowa między Edmundem Husserlem a Tomaszem z Akwinu'', in: PL 9: ''Światło rozumu i wiary. Duchowa droga Edyty Stein św. Teresy Benedykty od Krzyża'', Totaldruk, Poznań 2002, pp. 29-77.
* ESGA 10: Stein E., ''Potenz und Akt. Studien zu einer Philosophie des Seins'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2005.
*# English translation: CWES 11: ''Potency and Act, Studies Toward a Philosophy of Being'', trans. Walter Redmond, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2009.
* ESGA 11/12: Stein E., ''Endliches und ewiges Sein. Versuch eines Aufstiegs zum Sinn des Seins. Anhang: Martin Heideggers Existenzphilosophie. Die Seelenburg'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2006.
*# English translation: CWES 9: ''Finite and eternal being'', trans. K. F. Reinhardt, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2002.
*# Polish translation: PL 11/12a: ''Byt skończony a byt wieczny'', trans. Immakulata J. Adamska OCD, W drodze, Poznań 1995. The appendixes (''Die Seelenburg'' and ''Martin Heideggers Existenzphilosophie'') are translated in: PL 11/12b: ''Twierdza duchowa,'' trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań 2006, 93-122 and 135-203.
* ESGA 13: Stein E., ''Die Frau. Fragestellungen und Reflexionen'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2000, Herder.
*# English translation: CWES 2: ''The Collected Works of Edith Stein. Volume II. Essays on Woman'', trans. F. M. Oben, Washington D.C. 1996, ICS Publications.
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 13: ''Kobieta. Pytania i refleksje'', trans. Wiesław Szymona, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2015.
* ESGA 14: Stein E., ''Der Aufbau der menschlichen Person. Vorlesung zum philosophischen Anthropologie'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 1994, Herder, Freiburg 2004.
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 14: ''Budowa osoby ludzkiej. Wykład z antropologii filozoficznej'', trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2015.
*# Italian translation: ''La struttura della persona umana'', trans. L. Gelber-M. Linssen, M. d’Ambra, Città Nuova, Rome 2000.
* ESGA 15: Stein E., ''Was is der Mensch? Theologische Anthropologie'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2005, Herder.
*# Polish translation: ESGA PL 15: ''Czym jest człowiek? Antropologia teologiczna'', trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2012.
* ESGA 16: Stein E., ''Bildung und Entfaltung der Individualität. Beiträge zum christlichen'' ''Erziehungsauftrag'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2001.
* ESGA 17: Stein E., ''Wege der Gotteserkenntnis. Studie zu Dionysius Areopagita und Übersetzung seiner Werke'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2013.
*# Polish translation: ''Drogi poznania Boga: studium o Dionizym Areopagicie i przekład jego dzieł,'' trans. Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2006.
* ESGA 18: ''Kreuzeswissenschaft.'' ''Studie über Johannes vom Kreuz'', Herder, Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2003.
*# English translation: CWES 6: ''The Science of the Cross'', trans. Josephine Koeppel, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2002;
*# Polish translation: ''Wiedza Krzyża. Studium o św. Janie od Krzyża,'' trans. Immakulata J. Adamska, Grzegorz Sowinski, Wydawnictwo Karmelitów Bosych, Cracow 2013.
* ESGA 19: ''Geistliche Texte I'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2009, Herder.
*# English translation: ''The Hidden Life: Essays, Meditations, Spiritual Texts'', trans. Waltraut Stein in: ''The Collected Works of Edith Stein. Volume IV'', ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2014.
* ESGA 20: ''Geistliche Texte II'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2007, Herder.
*# English translation: ESGA EN 4: ''The Hidden Life: Essays, Meditations, Spiritual Texts'', trans. Waltraut Stein in: ''The Collected Works of Edith Stein. Volume IV'', ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 2014.
* ESGA 21: ''Übersetzung von John Henry Newman, Die Idee der Universität'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014, Herder.
* ESGA 22: ''Übersetzung von John Henry Newman, Briefe und Texte zur ersten Lebenshälfte (1801–1846)'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2004, Herder.
* ESGA 23: ''Übersetzung: Des Hl. Thomas von Aquino Untersuchungen über die Wahrheit - Quaestiones disputatae de veritate 1'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2014, Herder.
* ESGA 24: ''Übersetzung: Des Hl. Thomas von Aquino Untersuchungen über die Wahrheit - Quaestiones disputatae de veritate 2'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2002, Herder.
* ESGA 25: ''Übersetzung von Alexandre Koyré, Descartes und die Scholastik'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008, Herder.
* ESGA 26: ''Übersetzung: Thomas von Aquin, Über das Seiende und das Wesen - De ente et essentia - mit den Roland-Gosselin-Exzerpten. Eingeführt und bearbeitet von Andreas Speer und Francesco Valerio Tommasi'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2008, Herder.
* ESGA 27: ''Miscellanea thomistica'', Freiburg-Basel-Wien 2013, Herder.
See also
* St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross OCD, patron saint archive
Notes
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Maskulak, Marian, ed. 2016. ''Edith Stein: Selected Writings.'' New York: Paulist Press.
*
*
*
External links
International Association for the Study of the Philosophy of Edith Stein (IASPES
*
Index of Saints
Edith-Stein homepage of the Diocese of Speyer
Institute of Philosophy Edith Stein
Associazione Italiana Edith Stein onlus
Essays by Edith Stein at Quotidiana.org
*
Official Edith Stein foundation in The Netherlands
Edith Stein Biography - Emir-Stein Center
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Edith
1891 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century Christian mystics
20th-century essayists
20th-century German Catholic theologians
Women Christian theologians
20th-century German philosophers
20th-century German women writers
20th-century German translators
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Carmelite mystics
Carmelite saints
Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
Christian continental philosophers and theologians
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Continental philosophers
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Discalced Carmelite nuns
German essayists
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
20th-century German Roman Catholic nuns
German Roman Catholic saints
German women essayists
German women philosophers
Jewish philosophers
Latin–German translators
Military nurses
People from Echt-Susteren
People from the Province of Silesia
Writers from Wrocław
People killed by gas chamber by Nazi Germany
Phenomenologists
Catholic philosophers
Roman Catholics in the German Resistance
Thomists
University of Breslau alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Freiburg faculty
University of Göttingen alumni
Women mystics
Women religious writers
Lists of stolpersteine in Germany