Earle L. Reynolds (born Earl Frederick Schoene; October 18, 1910 – January 11, 1998) was an

anthropologist An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and ...

, educator, author,

Quaker Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belie ...

, and peace activist. He was sent to

Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui h ...

by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1951 to study the effects of the first atomic bomb on the growth and development of exposed children. His professional discoveries concerning the dangers of

radiation In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: * ''electromagnetic radiation'', such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visi ...

later moved Reynolds into a life of anti-nuclear activism. In 1958 he sailed with his wife

Barbara Barbara may refer to: People * Barbara (given name) * Barbara (painter) (1915–2002), pseudonym of Olga Biglieri, Italian futurist painter * Barbara (singer) (1930–1997), French singer * Barbara Popović (born 2000), also known mononymously as ...

, two of his three children and a Japanese yachtsman in the ''

Phoenix of Hiroshima The ''Phoenix of Hiroshima'' was a 50-foot, 30-ton yacht that circumnavigated the globe and was later involved in several famous protest voyages. Between its launch in 1954 and its sinking in 2010, the ''Phoenix'' carried a family around the world ...

'', a ketch he had designed himself, into the American

nuclear testing Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by ...

zone in the Pacific. In 1961 the family sailed to the USSR to protest Soviet nuclear testing. During the Vietnam War Reynolds and his second wife, Akie sailed the ''Phoenix'' to Haiphong to deliver humanitarian and medical aid to victims of American bombing.

Early life

Reynolds, an only child, was born Earl Frederick Schoene to William and Maude Schoene as the circus of which they were a part passed through Des Moines, Iowa. Earle's father and uncle Frederick performed as The Landry Brothers, trapeze artists and

tightrope walkers Tightrope walking, also called funambulism, is the skill of walking along a thin wire or rope. It has a long tradition in various countries and is commonly associated with the circus. Other skills similar to tightrope walking include slack rope ...

for the John T. Wortham Shows (also known as John T. Wortham Carnival). ''Billboard'' noted, "The Landry Brothers work a neat and classy rope acrobatic turn for six minutes, in full stage, which brought the brawny lads one legit.". Before World War I made German names unpopular, according to Reynolds, the pair were billed as Schoene Brothers Aerial Artists. Depending on the season and the family's financial status, their circus acts alternated with vaudeville. Earl took his stepfather's surname, added an "e" to his first name, earned the rank of Eagle Scout and graduated from Vicksburg High School in 1927. He went on to earn his BA and MA from the University of Chicago and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, all in Anthropology. He married Barbara Leonard in 1936 and they had three children: Tim (1936), Ted (1938), and Jessica (1944). From 1943 to 1951 Reynolds was Associate Professor of Anthropology at Antioch College and Chairman of the Physical Growth Department at the Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, also at Antioch College.

Career

In 1951, Earle joined the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC), established under the direction of the National Research Council's Division of Medical Sciences in March 1947. He was sent to

to research the effects of

from the first atomic bomb on the growth of Japanese children. From 1951 until 1954, Earle completed the first of a series of longitudinal studies meant to be resumed after a one-year

sabbatical A sabbatical (from the Hebrew: (i.e., Sabbath); in Latin ; Greek: ) is a rest or break from work. The concept of the sabbatical is based on the Biblical practice of ''shmita'' (sabbatical year), which is related to agriculture. According to ...

. He wrote up his findings as "Report on a Three-Year Study, 1951-2-3, of the Growth and Development of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb, 1954." In summary he had found children exposed to radiation to be smaller than their counterparts with lowered resistance to disease and a greater susceptibility to cancer, especially leukemia. Because strontium-90 (produced by the atomic bomb) seeks the same areas of the bodies of growing children as calcium, such as the

thyroid gland The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans it is in the neck and consists of two connected lobe (anatomy), lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of Connective tissue, tissue cal ...

, children exposed to the bomb were also subject to thyroid cancer. While in Japan, Reynolds designed and had built a yacht of , the ''

''. From 1954 to 1958, he, his wife Barbara, son Ted (16), daughter Jessica (10), and three young Japanese men from Hiroshima, Niichi ("Nick") Mikami, Motosada ("Moto") Fushima and Mitsugi ("Mickey") Suemitsu, sailed around the world. The building of the boat took 18 months, one year longer than had been previously expected. The first leg of the voyage, from Japan to Hawaii, took 48 days. In Honolulu for the second time, what had been a pleasure cruise took a serious turn. Across the dock from the ''Phoenix'' was a ketch of , the ''Golden Rule''. Its crew, four Quaker pacifists, Albert Bigelow, George Willoughby, Bill Huntington and Orion Sherwood were attempting to sail to the Marshall Islands to protest the United States' testing of 35 nuclear devices there. An injunction against American citizens entering the test zone was passed after the ''Golden Rule'' left port and it was brought back by the Coast Guard. Impressed by the reasoning and character of these men, Earle and Barbara joined the

Society of Friends Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belief in each human's abili ...

(Quakers) and considered taking over their protest in the ''Phoenix''. Reynolds was at that time one of the world's experts on the effects of radiation. In determining whether to deliberately enter the test zone, he considered a number of factors, such as the effects the radiation from the series of nuclear tests would have on the world environment, specifically increasing incidents of cancer, and the effects of this additional radiation on the

and Nagasaki population, since both wind and ocean currents from the test site would carry radiation that direction. He considered unconstitutional the United States government's injunction declaring of ocean off-limits to American personnel during the series. Also, the forbidden zone blanketed any route by which the Reynolds family could conveniently sail back to Japan, as they had hoped to do as soon as possible to complete the circumnavigation. In addition, as the Marshall Islands were a Trust Territory of the U.S., Reynolds objected to the forced removal of Marshallese from their home islands for the purpose of detonating weapons which would almost certainly render their islands uninhabitable for years to come.

Activism

Earle, Barbara, Ted (20), Jessica (14) and Mikami cleared "for the high seas" on June 11, 1958. The family had not decided whether or not to enter the forbidden zone but Mikami, whose mother and brother had been in the bombing, never wrestled with the question. For days after the nuclear weapon was dropped, his mother had crawled through the radioactive rubble, searching for her brother-in-law. She never found his body. By July 1, at the edge of the invisible perimeter of the zone, everyone came to a consensus. Earle announced by

radiotelephone A radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT, is a radio communication system for conducting a conversation; radiotelephony means telephony by radio. It is in contrast to '' radiotelegraphy'', which is radio transmission of telegrams (mes ...

, on the international frequency for ships at sea, "The United States yacht ''Phoenix'' is sailing today into the nuclear test zone as a protest against

..." The next morning, inside the forbidden zone, the ''Phoenix'' was intercepted and stopped by the American Coast Guard cutter '' Planetree'' on July 2, 1958. Two armed Coast Guard officers jumped aboard and put Reynolds under arrest. He was flown back to Honolulu for trial. A jury convicted him of entering a forbidden area. The sentence was overturned on appeal. Within 19 months Earle and his family were involved in another protest voyage. With the Pacific Ocean again open to American citizens, they sailed without incident back to Hiroshima. In October 1961, the USSR resumed its own nuclear testing. The Reynolds family plus Tom Yoneda sailed to Nakhodka in protest (The nearest military port, Vladivostok, was inaccessible in winter). In 1962, Reynolds was invited to captain the ''Everyman III'', on which members of A Quaker Action Group (AQAG) sailed from London to Leningrad via Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. This boat of , too, was stopped at sea by armed soldiers. This time the crew were tied up with ropes. That same year, Reynolds and Professor Tatsuo Morito of the

Hiroshima University is a Japanese national university located in Higashihiroshima and Hiroshima, Japan. Established in 1929, it was chartered as a university in 1949 following the merge of a number of national educational institutions. History Under the National ...

co-founded the Hiroshima Institute of Peace Science (HIPS). Reynolds became a spokesman for the Japanese peace movement and attempted to work with its Gensuikyo branch until he found it too political for his taste, reporting to the press, "Peace cannot be achieved in an atmosphere of hatred." Earle and Barbara divorced in 1964 and Earle married Akie Nagami, a citizen of Hiroshima and a graduate of Hiroshima Women's College where Earle was guest Professor of Anthropology. Together Earle and Akie continued his voyages in the ''Phoenix''. In 1967 a multi-national crew delivered nearly a ton of medical aid to the Red Cross Society of North Vietnam for civilian victims of the Vietnam War. They spent eight days visiting hospitals in Hanoi and Hai Phong and observing the effects of American bombing on outlying villages. Two other voyages to Vietnam followed. Earle and Akie made two attempts to sail the ''Phoenix'' to Shanghai as a gesture of "friendship and reconciliation" from an American and a Japanese citizen to the people of China, although the Japanese government refused to grant Akie a passport on the grounds China and Japan had no diplomatic relations. In 1968 the ''Phoenix'' was stopped on the high seas by a Japanese ship. Two years of litigation followed in Japanese courts. In 1969, with a crew of six Americans, the ''Phoenix'' was stopped offshore by Chinese authorities and their entry was prohibited. After these attempts to sail to China, the

Japanese government The Government of Japan consists of legislative, executive and judiciary branches and is based on popular sovereignty. The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, c ...

passed a new

immigration law Immigration law refers to the national statutes, regulations Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the ...

cracking down on "undesirable aliens" (1970) and Reynolds was expelled from his adopted country of 13 years. He and his wife sailed to San Francisco and settled in Ben Lomond, California. He taught Peace Studies at the University of California at Santa Cruz and at Cabrillo College while Akie earned an MA in Peace Studies from Antioch College and worked as a career counselor at UCSC, specializing in peace-making careers and in placing students in overseas jobs. His seminar class founded the Peace Resource Center at Merrill College on the UCSC campus in 1975 but it became a casualty of financial cutbacks in the 1980s. Over a two-week period in 1981, 1900 activists were arrested at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. It was the largest arrest in the history of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement and against nuclear weapons research. Reynolds was one of those arrested. In a 1986 interview, Earle commented on his life work: "I've been a kind of a renegade scientist. As soon as I stepped over the boundaries, as soon as my findings became politically sensitive, I lost my credibility as a scientist. Now a scientist will stand on a podium and say what I was saying 30 years ago. I'm like a voice in the wilderness that finally begins to hear answering voices."Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection

Bibliography

Growth and Development of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb.
Three Year Study (1951-3). Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission Technical Report 20-59, 1959. Cited in Joseph L. Belsky and William J. Blot, ''Adult Stature in Relation to Childhood Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.'' *Penny Arcade (unpublished memoir) n.d., in Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection, UCSC: www.oac.cdlib.org/data/13030/99/tf6q2nb599/files/tf6q2nb599.pdf (See note by Reynolds' daughter above) *with Barbara Reynolds, ''All in the Same Boat.'' New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1962 Family's trip around the world in the ''Phoenix'', 1954-60. *"The Forbidden Voyage," ''The Nation'', 15 November 1958 *''The Forbidden Voyage''. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1961. Non-fiction. The Reynolds family's protest voyage against American nuclear testing in the Pacific and aftermath, 1958-1960.

Scholarly Articles by Reynolds (chronological)

*Sontag, Lester Warren; Reynolds, Earle L
Ossification Sequences in Identical Triplets: A Longitudinal Study of Resemblances and Differences in the Ossification Patterns of a Set of Monozygotic Triplets
(1944) *Sontag, Lester W., M.D. and Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D. The fels composite sheet. I: A practical method for analyzing growth progress J. Pediat. 26, p. 327 (1945) *Sontag, Lester W., M.D. and Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D
The fels composite sheet. II: Variations in growth patterns in health and disease
J. Pediat. 26:4, pp. 336–354 (1945) *Reynolds, Earle L
Sexual Maturation and the Growth of Fat, Muscle and Bone in Girls
(1946) *Reynolds, Earle L. and Schoen, Grace
Growth Patterns of Identical Triplets from 8 through 18 Years
(1947) *Reynolds, Earle L. and Clark, Leland C
Creatinine Excretion, Growth Progress and Body Structure in Normal Children
(1947) *Reynolds, Earle L.
Distribution of Tissue Components in the Female Leg From Birth to Maturity
The Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The Anatomical Record (1947 or 1948) *Reynolds, Earle L.
The appearance of adult patterns of body hair in man
Department of Anthropology, Antioch College, and Physical Growth Department, Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (date?) *Reynolds, Earle L
Degree of kinship and pattern of ossification: A longitudinal X-ray Study of the Appearance Pattern of Ossification Centers in Children of Different Kinship Groups
The Samuel S. Fels Research Institute, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (date?) *Reynolds, Earle L., Toshiko Asakawa
The measurement of obesity in childhood
The Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio The American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1948) *Reynolds, Earle L., Ph.D., and Wines, Janet V., A.B
Individual Differences in Physical Changes Associated with Adolescence in Girls.
Am J. Dis. Child. 75 (3):329-350 (March 1948) *Steinberg, Arthur G.; Reynolds, Earle L
Further Data on Symphalangism
. 1948 *Earle Reynolds cited i

: J.M. Tanner. "Long-term longitudinal study of the growth of children in Harpenden. . . There was an excellent normative study before, made by Earle Reynolds and Janet Wines at the Fels Research Institute, who took their descriptions from the German literature of the 1930s and earlier, and excellent studies since, both in Zurich and in Stockholm, but ours was the only one in the period 1950-1980." (1948) *Reynolds, Earle L
Anthropology and Human Growth.
The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XLIX, No. 3 (May, 1949) From a speech given at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, University of Toledo, May 7, 1948. *Reynolds, E.L., and Wines, J.V
Physical Changes Associated with Adolescence in Boys
Am. J. Dis. Child. 82 (5):529-547 (Nov. 1951) *Reynolds and Wines, cited in Garn, Stanley Marion
Changes in Areolar Size during the Steroid Growth Phase
In Child Development, Vol. 23, No. 1 (March, 1952) *Earle Reynolds cited in Garn, Stanley M.
Growth Research in Medicine: Presented at the Symposium on Medical Anthropology
Thirty-first Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1962, page 1: "With the Grenlich-Pyle Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development ('59), Earle Reynolds' standards for sexual maturation (Reynolds and Wines, '48, '51) . . .we surely cover the normative front." *Reynolds, Earle T. (June 12, 1952

Folder 7 NYO-4458 From Papers of Carl F. Tessmer Series II. M.D. *Reynolds, Earle L. (Oct. 30, 1952)

later published as report NYO-4459 (Folder 100) from Papers of Wataru W. Sutow, M.D. * ttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/abcc_series_3.html Growth & Development: Earle Reynolds Reports etc 1952-1967 *Reynolds, E.L
The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence
(1953) *Low, F.N., (Sept. 1953
Book Review of Earle L. Reynolds, The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence
The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 28, no. 3 *Reynolds' paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropology Association in Mexico City, (Dec. 28th, 1959) revealed the unpopular truths to be found about the physical dangers of exposure to nuclear radiation. Report was published in The Processes of Ongoing Human Evolution, Gabriel W. Lasker, ed., Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1960. *Lectures by Earle Reynolds given at Jogakuin College, Hiroshima, Japan, edited and printed in Virginia Naeve,ed. Friends of the Hibakusha. A Swallow Paperback (Alan Swallow, 2679 South York St., Denver, CO), 1964 *The Place of Hiroshima in World History, November 7, 1960. *Comments on Movie: Still, It's Better to Be Alive (produced by Japan A and H Bomb Council, 1955) n.d. *Radiation and Human Evolution, Dec. 13, 1960. *Man's Future, Feb. 14, 1961 *Hiroshima, the Atom and the World, 1961 *Alex F. Roche, Stanley M. Garn, Earle L. Reynolds (University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064), Meinhard Robinow, Lester W. Sontag
The first seriatim study of human growth and middle aging
(1980)

References

External links

The Earle and Akie Reynolds Collection
at the University of California at Santa Cruz has extensive writings by, photographs of and information about Earle Reynolds and his second wife. Includes manuscript and notes for Reynolds, Earle L., The Physical Growth in 1951 of Hiroshima Children Exposed to the Atomic Bomb, 1951.
In Pursuit of Peace:
An Exhibit From the Earle and Akie Reynolds. This is an exhibit covering the life of peace activists, Earle and Akie Reynolds. It is not only the story of Earle and Akie Reynolds, but also of Barbara.
Peace Resource Center
(Wilmington College, Wilmington, OH) was founded by activist, author, and peace educator Barbara Reynolds in August, 1975 to house the largest collection (outside Japan) on materials related to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and to teach peace skills to new generations.

including information on the Yacht ''Phoenix'' and the Hiroshima-Nagasaki World Peace Study Mission (Folder 47) and (Folder 80) "The Growth and Development Program of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission: Analysis of Body Measurements and Observations Taken in 1952 on 4,200 Hiroshima Children" by Earle L. Reynolds, Ph.D., Nov. 15, 1953 (later published as NYO-4473 which can be found in the Tessmer Collection), TS.

Committee for Non-Violent Action Records, 1958-1968

From Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, 1873-2002 * [http://www.cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/267/235/393832/ Earle L. Reynolds, Appellant, v. United States of America ... Justia US Court of Appeals Cases and Opinions - 267 F.2d 235 - Earle L. Reynolds, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee.]
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation: Radio National's, Radio Eye Earle Reynolds and The ''Phoenix''
Radio documentary
As a young boy, Earle Reynolds had a dream to build and sail a boat around the world. He got the chance decades later...

Vietnam's Holy Week Ends on Bloody Note "A Tass dispatch from Hanoi said Dr. Earle L. Reynolds' ketch Phoenix carrying $10,000 worth of American Quaker medical supplies to North Vietnam, sailed around Red China's Hainan Island and entered the Gulf of Tonkin.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060932/http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/collect/manuscript/Sutow/Sutow_S5.htm Articles pertaining to the Micronesia/Marshall Islands and to experiences of anthropologist, Dr. Earle Reynolds.**] (Many of the contents of these folders were LOST in the flood and all of it is flood damaged)** From Papers of Wataru W. Sutow, M.D.
Anti-nuclear Protests
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Earle L. 1910 births 1998 deaths University of Chicago alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni American anti-war activists American anti–nuclear weapons activists Circumnavigators of the globe American Quakers Converts to Quakerism War Resisters League activists University of California, Santa Cruz faculty 20th-century American anthropologists 20th-century Quakers