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The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.
The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):
* Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
* During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
* Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
* After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.
Free Trade Agreements
EU Trade Helpdesk, European Commission
Animated infographics, European Parliamentary Research Service
Articles on EU FTAs, at ''Agritrade''
The Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contributions to Broaden the Debate on the EU-US Free Trade Agreement
''A collaborative publication with over 20 articles on the global implications of the TAFTA , TTIP'' * Koeth, Wolfgang (8 December 2014
"The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements: an Appropriate Response by the EU to the Challenges in its Neighbourhood"?
{{Free-trade agreements Free trade agreements of the European Union Free trade agreements
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.
The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):
* Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
* During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
* Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
* After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.
Trade agreements in force - fully ratified
Trade agreements in force - provisionally applied
Agreements finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)
Negotiating new agreements
Negotiations on hold
Competence
The European Court of Justice has held that investor-statearbitration
Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that resolves disputes outside the judiciary courts. The dispute will be decided by one or more persons (the 'arbitrators', 'arbiters' or 'arbitral tribunal'), which renders the ' ...
provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the 28 states. This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:
* a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
* an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.
Impact to consumers
One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.See also
*Economic Partnership Agreements
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are a scheme to create a free trade area (FTA) between the European Union and other countries. They are a response to continuing criticism that the non-reciprocal and discriminating preferential trade agree ...
* EU- ACP
* EUR.1 movement certificate
* Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
* European Union Association Agreement
* Everything but Arms
* Free trade area
* Free trade areas in Europe
At present, there are four multi-lateral free trade areas in Europe, and one former free trade area in recent history. Note that there are also a number of bilateral free trade agreements between states and between trade blocks; and that some s ...
* List of bilateral free trade agreements
* List of free trade agreements
* List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
* Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU
Trade negotiations between the UK and the EU took place after Brexit between the United Kingdom and the European Union for a trade agreement to make trade easier than it would have been without such a deal. The deal would cover both tariff and ...
(2020)
* Trade defence instrument
* United States free trade agreements
Notes
References
External links
Free Trade Agreements
EU Trade Helpdesk, European Commission
Animated infographics, European Parliamentary Research Service
Articles on EU FTAs, at ''Agritrade''
The Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contributions to Broaden the Debate on the EU-US Free Trade Agreement
''A collaborative publication with over 20 articles on the global implications of the TAFTA , TTIP'' * Koeth, Wolfgang (8 December 2014
"The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements: an Appropriate Response by the EU to the Challenges in its Neighbourhood"?
{{Free-trade agreements Free trade agreements of the European Union Free trade agreements