Ectodysplasin A (EDA) is a
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the EDA
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
Ectodysplasin A is a
transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequentl ...
of the
TNF family
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular pr ...
which plays an important role in the development of
ectodermal tissues such as
skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have diffe ...
in humans.
It is recognized by the
ectodysplasin A receptor
Ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDAR gene. EDAR is a cell surface receptor for ectodysplasin A which plays an important role in the development of ectodermal tissues such as the skin. It is structural ...
.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that can be cleaved by
furin
Furin is a protease, a proteolytic enzyme that in humans and other animals is encoded by the ''FURIN'' gene. Some proteins are inactive when they are first synthesized, and must have sections removed in order to become active. Furin cleaves these s ...
to produce a secreted form. The encoded protein, which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family, acts as a
homotrimer
thumbnail, 400px, Trimeric form of a TNF-α mutant
A homotrimer is a protein which is composed of three identical units of polypeptide.
Examples
* Hemagglutinin (influenza)
* Spike protein (coronavirus)
See also
* Protein trimer
In biochemi ...
and may be involved in cell-cell signaling during the development of ectodermal organs. Along with
c-Met
c-Met, also called tyrosine-protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MET'' gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is ...
, it has been shown to be involved in the differentiation of anatomical placodes, precursors of scales, feathers and hair follicles in
vertebrates
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () ( chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, ...
.
Defects in this gene are a cause of
ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a group of genetic syndromes all deriving from abnormalities of the ectodermal structures.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Sau ...
, anhidrotic, which is also known as X-linked
hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is one of about 150 types of ectodermal dysplasia in humans. Before birth, these disorders result in the abnormal development of structures including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands.Freedberg, et al ...
. Several transcript variants encoding many different
isoforms
A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isof ...
have been found for this gene.
At least 61 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.
References
Further reading
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External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
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