Elzie Crisler Segar (; December 8, 1894 – October 13, 1938), known by the

pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...

E. C. Segar, was an American cartoonist best known as the creator of Popeye, a pop culture character who first appeared in 1929 in Segar's comic strip ''

Thimble Theatre Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional cartoon character created by E. C. Segar, Elzie Crisler Segar."E. C. Segar", in Walker, Brian. ''The Comics: The Complete Collection''. New York: Abrams ComicArts, 2011. (pp. 238–243) "E. C. Segar", in Tumey, Paul C. ''Screwball! : The Cartoonists Who Made The Funnies Funny''. San Diego : IDW Publishing, 2019 (pp. 158-179) Charles M. Schulz said of Segar's work: "I think ''Popeye'' was a perfect comic strip, consistent in drawing and humor".

Carl Barks Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his work in Disney comic books, as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck ...

described Segar as "''the'' unbridled genius as far as I was concerned".

Early life

Segar was born on December 8, 1894, and raised in Chester, Illinois, a small town near the

Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it f ...

.O'Sullivan, Judith. ''The Great American Comic Strip''.Boston : Little, Brown and Company, 1990. (p.186-187) The son of Erma Irene (Crisler) and Amzi Andrews Segar, a handyman, his earliest work experiences included assisting his father in house painting and paper hanging. Skilled at playing drums, he also provided musical accompaniment to films and

vaudeville Vaudeville (; ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century. A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions, based on a comical situation: a dramatic composition ...

acts in the local theater, where he was eventually given the job of film projectionist at the Chester Opera House, where he also did live performances. At age 18, he decided to become a

cartoonist A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and ...

. He took a correspondence course in cartooning from W. L. Evans of

Cleveland Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...

Ohio Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...

. He said that after work he "lit up the oil lamps about midnight and worked on the course until 3 a.m." During this time, Segar also began studying the work of cartoonists that he would later cite as influences on his work, including

Rube Goldberg Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg (July 4, 1883 – December 7, 1970), known best as Rube Goldberg, was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor. Goldberg is best known for his popular cartoons depicting complicated gadge ...

George McManus George McManus (January 23, 1884 – October 22, 1954) was an American cartoonist best known as the creator of Irish immigrant Jiggs and his wife Maggie, the main characters of his syndicated comic strip, ''Bringing Up Father''. Biography ...

and

George Herriman George Joseph Herriman III (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip ''Krazy Kat'' (1913–1944). More influential than popular, ''Krazy Kat'' had an appreciative audience ...

(especially Herriman's strip ''Stumble Inn''). Asked how to say his name, he told ''

The Literary Digest ''The Literary Digest'' was an influential American general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. Founded by Isaac Kaufmann Funk in 1890, it eventually merged with two similar weekly magazines, ''Public Opinion'' and '' Current O ...

'' it was "SEE-gar". Funk, Charles Earle. ''What's the Name, Please?'', Funk & Wagnalls, 1936. He commonly signed his work simply Segar or E. Segar above a drawing of a cigar.

Early work

Segar moved to

Chicago, Illinois (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...

, where he met

Richard F. Outcault Richard Felton Outcault (; January 14, 1863 – September 25, 1928) was an American cartoonist. He was the creator of the series ''The Yellow Kid'' and ''Buster Brown'' and is considered a key pioneer of the modern comic strip. Life and career ...

, the creator of '' The Yellow Kid'' and ''

Buster Brown Buster Brown is a comic-strip character created in 1902 by Richard F. Outcault. Adopted as the mascot of the Brown Shoe Company in 1904, Buster Brown, along with Mary Jane, and with his dog Tige, became well known to the United States of America ...

''. Outcault encouraged him and introduced him at the '' Chicago Herald''. On March 12, 1916, the ''Herald'' published Segar's first comic, '' Charlie Chaplin's Comic Capers'', which ran for a little over a year. In 1917, Segar created ''Barry the Boob'', about an incompetent soldier. Segar also originated two other, short-lived comics for the ''Herald's'' Sunday magazine. These were ''The Mistakes of Mr. Muddle'' and the Rube Goldberg-inspired ''And They Get By With It''. In 1918, he moved on to

William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Sr. (; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American businessman, newspaper publisher, and politician known for developing the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, Hearst Communications. His flamboya ...

's ''Chicago Evening American'', for which he created ''Looping the Loop'' and worked as a second-string drama critic. ''Looping the Loop'' was a comic strip that gave a whimsical take on the events in Chicago's "

Loop Loop or LOOP may refer to: Brands and enterprises * Loop (mobile), a Bulgarian virtual network operator and co-founder of Loop Live * Loop, clothing, a company founded by Carlos Vasquez in the 1990s and worn by Digable Planets * Loop Mobile, an ...

" district. "Looping the Loop" made jokes about such issues as silent movies, plays, and the changing seasons; it proved popular with the ''Herald's'' readers. Segar married Myrtle Johnson that year; they had two children. In October 1919, Segar covered that year's World Series, creating eight cartoons for the sports pages.

''Thimble Theatre'', ''Sappo'' and ''Popeye''

''Evening American'' managing editor William Curley thought Segar could succeed in New York, so he sent him to

King Features Syndicate King Features Syndicate, Inc. is a American content distribution and animation studio, consumer product licensing and print syndication company owned by Hearst Communications that distributes about 150 comic strips, newspaper columns, editoria ...

, where Segar worked for many years. King Features asked Segar to create a comic strip to replace ''Midget Movies'' by

Ed Wheelan Edgar Stow Wheelan (1888–1966), who signed his work Ed Wheelan, was an American cartoonist best known for his comic strip ''Minute Movies'', satirizing silent films, and his comic book ''Fat and Slat'', published by EC Comics. He was one of the ...

, who had recently resigned from the syndicate.Clark, Alan and Laurel. ''Comics: An Illustrated History''. London, Green Wood Publishing, 1992. (p.54) Segar created ''

Thimble Theatre Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional cartoon character created by E. C. Segar, Elzie Crisler Segar.New York Journal :''Includes coverage of New York Journal-American and its predecessors New York Journal, The Journal, New York American and New York Evening Journal'' The ''New York Journal-American'' was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 t ...

'', as the replacement for Wheelan's strip. The ''Thimble Theatre'' strip made its debut on December 19, 1919, featuring the characters

Olive Oyl Olive Oyl is a cartoon character created by E. C. Segar in 1919 for his comic strip ''Thimble Theatre''. The strip was later renamed ''Popeye'' after the sailor character that became the most popular member of the cast; however, Olive Oyl was a ...

Castor Oyl Castor Oyl is a fictional character, created in 1920 by cartoonist Elzie Crisler Segar for his comic strip ''Thimble Theatre'', now known as '' Popeye''. Castor Oyl is Olive Oyl's older brother, debuting in ''Thimble Theatre'' on January 14, ...

and Harold Hamgravy, whose name was quickly shortened in the strip to simply "

Ham Gravy Harold Hamgravy, better known as Ham Gravy, is an American comics character from the ''Thimble Theatre'' (later ''Popeye'') series, created in 1919 by E. C. Segar. Ham Gravy was the original fiancé of the better-known character Olive Oyl, but ...

". They were the strip's leads for about a decade. Segar began writing long storylines or "continuities" for ''Thimble Theatre'' in 1922. In these, the characters would have lengthy adventures in Africa and the Wild West."E.C. Segar's Knockouts of 1925 (and Low Blows Before and After) : The Unknown Thimble Theatre Period" in ''NEMO :The Classic Comics Library'' no. 3, October 1983 (pgs. 6-25). In one storyline, the characters encountered a superhuman "tough guy" named Harry Hardegg, who was able to break a moving buzz saw with his head. Comics historian

Bill Blackbeard William Elsworth Blackbeard (April 28, 1926 – March 10, 2011), better known as Bill Blackbeard, was a writer-editor and the founder-director of the San Francisco Academy of Comic Art, a comprehensive collection of comic strips and cartoon art fr ...

has described Harry Hardegg as a "prototype" for Popeye. Segar also created ''The Five-Fifteen'' for King Features in 1920; it was retitled ''Sappo'' in 1926, although numerous newspapers had already retitled the strip 'Sappo the Commuter' by 1924. ''The Five-Fifteen'' started its run as a Monday-through-Saturday strip, concluding its initial daily run in February 1925. In 1926, the strip, now officially retitled, was revived as a Sunday-only topper to the ''Thimble Theatre'' Sunday pages. Initially, this strip revolved about the exploits of suburban couple John and Myrtle Sappo. In May 1932, however, Segar introduced the eccentric scientist and inventor (and self-proclaimed "genius") O.G. Wotasnozzle into the strip as a regular. Wotasnozzle's bizarre machines soon became the focus of the strip, with John Sappo frequently cast as his test subject and straight man. On January 17, 1929, when Castor Oyl needed a mariner to navigate his ship to Dice Island, Castor picked up a weatherbeaten sailor named Popeye in the docks. Popeye's first line in the strip, upon being asked if he was a sailor, was "'Ja think I'm a cowboy?" At first Segar intended Popeye to be a once-off character, but after large numbers of newspaper readers wrote in requesting the character's return, Segar reintroduced Popeye as a full-time regular in August 1929, eventually enabling the sailor to become the focal point of the strip. Segar initially depicted Popeye as a quarrelling antihero. Segar's storylines for the Popeye-focused ''Thimble Theatre'' drew on several fictional genres, including Westerns, pirate

swashbucklers A swashbuckler is a genre of European adventure literature that focuses on a heroic protagonist stock character who is skilled in swordsmanship, acrobatics, guile and possesses chivalrous ideals. A "swashbuckler" protagonist is heroic, daring, ...

, Sports stories, and

fantasy Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction involving Magic (supernatural), magical elements, typically set in a fictional universe and sometimes inspired by mythology and folklore. Its roots are in oral traditions, which then became fantasy ...

stories. Some of the other notable characters Segar created include

J. Wellington Wimpy J. Wellington Wimpy, generally referred to as Wimpy, is one of the characters in the comic strip '' Popeye'', created by E. C. Segar and originally called ''Thimble Theatre'', and in the ''Popeye'' cartoons based upon the strip. Wimpy debuted ...

and Eugene the Jeep. In 1929, Segar and his friend, screenwriter Norton S. Parker, began work on ''The Sea Hag'', a prose novel for adults that would have featured both Popeye and the villainess the Sea Hag. However, King Features refused to grant Segar and Parker permission to publish the novel. ''The Sea Hag'' has never been put into print. In 1934, King Features (noting the increasing popularity of the Popeye character with children) ordered Segar to tone down Popeye's swearing and brawling. Although irritated by the order, Segar complied, and made Popeye more of a straightforward hero, more ubiquitously emphasizing his already-established affinity for aiding children and animals rather than his more violent and irascible tendencies, which persisted in a somewhat reduced form. Segar continued to produce ''Thimble Theatre'', published in five hundred newspapers globally by 1938, until his death. Beginning in 1933, Popeye was adapted into a series of cartoons by the

Fleischer Studios Fleischer Studios () is an American animation studio founded in 1929 by brothers Max and Dave Fleischer, who ran the pioneering company from its inception until its acquisition by Paramount Pictures, the parent company and the distributor of i ...

, which exponentially increased the character's already-ascendant popularity further. Popeye was also licensed by King Features for hundreds of toys, games and other products. The commercial success of these products ensured King Features paid Segar highly for his work; by 1938, the syndicate was giving Segar a salary of $100,000 a year.

Later life and death

Segar and his family later moved to Santa Monica,

California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

. According to Segar's assistant,

Bud Sagendorf Forrest Cowles Sagendorf (March 22, 1915 – September 22, 1994), better known as Bud Sagendorf, was an American cartoonist, notable for his work on King Features Syndicate's '' Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye'' comic strip. Personal life Born in ...

, Segar lived near George Herriman. However, although the two cartoonists admired each other's work, they never visited each other in this period. After prolonged illness, Segar died of

leukemia Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia and pronounced ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called ''blasts'' or ' ...

and liver disease in October 1938 at the age of 43.

Legacy and reprints

Segar was among the first cartoonists to combine humorous situations with long-running adventures. Comics creators who cited E.C. Segar's work as an influence included Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster,

Boody Rogers Gordon G. Rogers (September 8, 1904, Hobart, Oklahoma – February 6, 1996), better known as Boody Rogers, was an American comic strip and comic book cartoonist who created the superhero parody ''Sparky Watts''. Born in Hobart, Oklahoma, Rogers a ...

, Charles M. Schulz,

, and Robert Crumb. A revival of interest in Segar's creations began with Woody Gelman's Nostalgia Press.

Robert Altman Robert Bernard Altman ( ; February 20, 1925 – November 20, 2006) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He was a five-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director and is considered an enduring figure from the New H ...

's live-action film '' Popeye'' (1980) is adapted from E. C. Segar's ''Thimble Theatre'' comic strip. The screenplay by Jules Feiffer was based directly on Gelman's ''Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye the Sailor'', a hardcover reprint collection of 1936–37 Segar strips published in 1971 by Nostalgia Press. In 2006,

Fantagraphics Fantagraphics (previously Fantagraphics Books) is an American publisher of alternative comics, classic comic strip anthologies, manga, magazines, graphic novels, and the erotic Eros Comix imprint. History Founding Fantagraphics was found ...

published the first of a six-volume book set reprinting all ''Thimble Theatre'' daily and Sunday strips from 1928 to 1938, beginning with the adventure that introduced Popeye. In 1971, the

National Cartoonists Society The National Cartoonists Society (NCS) is an organization of professional cartoonists in the United States. It presents the National Cartoonists Society Awards. The Society was born in 1946 when groups of cartoonists got together to entertain the ...

created the Elzie Segar Award in his honor. According to the Society's website, the award was "presented to a person who has made a unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning." The NCS board of directors chose the first winners, while King Features selected recipients in later years. Honorees have included Charles Schulz,

Bil Keane William Aloysius "Bil" Keane (October 5, 1922 – November 8, 2011) was an American cartoonist most notable for his work on the newspaper comic ''The Family Circus''. It began in 1960 and continues in syndication, drawn by his son Jeff Kea ...

Al Capp Alfred Gerald Caplin (September 28, 1909 – November 5, 1979), better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip ''Li'l Abner'', which he created in 1934 and continued writing and (wi ...

, Bill Gallo and Mort Walker. The award was discontinued in 1999. In 2012, cartoonists Roger Langridge and

Bruce Ozella Bruce Ozella (born November 10, 1958) is an American cartoonist, best known for his revival of ''Popeye'' in 2012. After study at Boston's New England School of Art & Design, Ozella worked as a graphic designer and illustrator in Boston for more ...

teamed to revive the spirit of Segar in a 12-issue

limited series Limited series may refer to: *Limited series, individual storylines within an anthology series *Limited series, a particular run of collectables, usually individually numbered *Limited series (comics), a comics series with a predetermined number of ...

, ''Popeye'', published by IDW. In 2018, Sunday Press Books published ''Thimble Theatre & The Pre-Popeye Comics of E.C. Segar'', collecting Segar's early comic strip work, primarily the ''Thimble Theatre'' Sunday pages published between 1925 and 1930.

Timeline

Popeye & Friends Character Trail

In 1977, Segar's hometown of Chester, Illinois, named a park in his honor. The park contains a six-foot-tall bronze statue of Popeye. The annual Popeye Picnic, a weekend-long event that celebrates the character with a parade, film festival and other activities, is held the first weekend after Labor Day. In 2006, Chester launched the "Popeye & Friends Character Trail", which links a series of statues of Segar's characters located throughout town. Each stands on a base inscribed with the names of donors who contributed to its cost and is unveiled and dedicated during the Popeye Picnic. The 2006 debut sculpture of hamburger-loving Wimpy stands in Gazebo Park. A statue of Olive Oyl, Swee'Pea and the Jeep, located near the Randolph County Courthouse, followed in 2007. In 2008, a

Bluto Bluto, at times known as Brutus, is a cartoon and comics character created in 1932 by E. C. Segar, Elzie Crisler Segar as a one-time character, named "Bluto the Terrible", in his ''Thimble Theatre'' comic strip (later renamed ''Popeye''). Blut ...

statue was dedicated at the corner of Swanwick and W. Holmes Streets, in front of Buena Vista Bank. The 2009 statue of Castor Oyl and Bernice the Whiffle Hen stands in front of Chester Memorial Hospital. One additional statue has been unveiled each year. Spinach Can Collectibles/Popeye Museum is located in the center of the city.(Opera House) On December 8, 2009, Google celebrated Segar's 115th birthday with
Google Doodle of Popeye.
The doodle used Popeye's body as the 'g', had 'oogl', drawn to resemble Segar's drawing style, and a spinach can as the 'e', and featured Popeye punching the 'oogl' to cause the spinach to fly at him through the air.

References

Works cited

External links

Official site for Popeye & Friends Character Trail"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Zak Sally ''Minneapolis City Pages''E.C. Segar GalleryE.C. Segar's 115th Birthday Doodle in Google Logo Museum
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Segar, E.C. 1894 births American comic strip cartoonists American comics artists People from Chester, Illinois Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees 1938 deaths Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from leukemia Deaths from liver disease Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica Popeye