Eugene Hunter Hurst Jr. (October 21, 1908 – April 20, 1990) was an American, dairy farmer, and politician from
Amite County
Amite County is a county located in the state of Mississippi on its southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,720. Its county seat is Liberty. The county is named after the Amite River, which runs through the ...
,
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Miss ...
. Elected as a
Democrat
Democrat, Democrats, or Democratic may refer to:
Politics
*A proponent of democracy, or democratic government; a form of government involving rule by the people.
*A member of a Democratic Party:
**Democratic Party (United States) (D)
**Democratic ...
to the
Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected fo ...
for a single term in 1959, Hurst supported
segregation Segregation may refer to:
Separation of people
* Geographical segregation, rates of two or more populations which are not homogenous throughout a defined space
* School segregation
* Housing segregation
* Racial segregation, separation of humans ...
and opposed the
civil rights movement
The civil rights movement was a nonviolent social and political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized institutional Racial segregation in the United States, racial segregation, Racial discrimination ...
, which had expanded into Amite County by the early 1960s.
Hurst is noted for killing his neighbor and childhood friend
Herbert Lee, an
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...
activist who was working to register black voters in Amite County. While serving as an active state representative, Hurst fatally shot Lee in public on September 25, 1961. Despite considerable evidence indicating that Hurst was the aggressor, he was found to have acted in
self-defense
Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in ...
by an
all-white jury
Racial discrimination in jury selection is specifically prohibited by law in many jurisdictions throughout the world. In the United States, it has been defined through a series of judicial decisions. However, juries composed solely of one racial ...
at an inquest held the same day and never charged with a crime. At least one witness to the shooting was subsequently killed as well, in an apparent campaign of
witness intimidation
Witness tampering is the act of attempting to improperly influence, alter or prevent the testimony of witnesses within criminal or civil proceedings.
Witness tampering and reprisals against witnesses in organized crime cases have been a difficult ...
. Hurst failed to win reelection in 1963 and thereafter retired from politics.
Early life and background
E. H. Hurst was born and raised in Liberty, Mississippi. After graduating from
Southwest Mississippi Junior College, he ran a successful dairy and cotton farm in his hometown. He also joined the Democratic Party and engaged in local politics, eventually being elected to the state house in 1959. Hurst supported segregation and the continued exclusion from voting in state elections of African Americans, who had been
disfranchised by the 1890 state constitution and subsequent discriminatory practices in voter registration. A member of a
white supremacist
White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other Race (human classification), races and thus should dominate them. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any Power (social and polit ...
Citizens' Council
The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of White supremacy, white supremacist, Racial segregation in the United States, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentra ...
in Amite County, Hurst vehemently opposed the civil rights movement, which had begun trying to register African American voters in the South.
Shooting of Herbert Lee and aftermath
Hurst gained statewide attention for his fatal shooting of
Herbert Lee, an African American voting rights activist. Hurst and Lee grew up on neighboring farms and were childhood friends, with Lee often visiting Hurst's farm to play as a boy. This cordial relationship continued into adulthood, with Hurst at one point helping Lee to apply for a farm loan. However, Hurst's attitude towards Lee changed dramatically when Lee began attending voter registration classes conducted by the
SNCC
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, often pronounced ) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segreg ...
and the
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
, civil rights organizations that had increased their presence in Amite County by the
late 1950s. Lee became a charter member of the Amite County branch on the NAACP. By 1961, Lee himself had begun helping to register black voters for upcoming elections. Prior to 1961, Amite County only had a single registered black voter, and that individual had never actually voted. Hurst supported this
status quo
is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, political, religious or military issues. In the sociological sense, the ''status quo'' refers to the current state of social structure and/or values. W ...
and strongly opposed any attempts to increase the African American voter count.
On September 25, 1961, in the middle of the day at a Westbrook's gin, a
cotton gin
A cotton gin—meaning "cotton engine"—is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (); a ...
near their homes, Hurst fatally shot Lee in extremely controversial circumstances. Both men arrived at the gin around the same time to unload and process some of their
cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus ''Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor perce ...
crop. Hurst approached Lee and, after a short conversation, shot and killed Lee with a single bullet from a
.38 caliber
.38 caliber is a frequently used name for the caliber of firearms and firearm cartridges.
The .38 is considered a large firearm cartridge; anything larger than .32 is considered a large caliber.Wright, James D.; Rossi, Peter H.; Daly, Kathleen ...
pistol
A pistol is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. The English word was introduced in , when early handguns were produced in Europe, an ...
. Lee was 49-years-old and left behind a widow and nine children.
At a
coroner's jury
A coroner's jury is a body convened to assist a coroner in an inquest, that is, in determining the identity of a deceased person and the cause of death. The laws on its role and function vary by jurisdiction.
United Kingdom
In England and Wale ...
held a few hours later, Hurst claimed that Lee had threatened him with a tire iron, and an all-white jury returned a verdict of justifiable homicide on grounds of
self-defense
Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in ...
. Five witnesses, two white men and three black men, gave testimony in support of Hurst. However, the Amite County courtroom in which the inquest was held was full of armed white men, and witnesses were pressured to testify in Hurst's favor. Hurst was never charged with a crime.
[John Blewen, "Oh Freedom Over Me: Story"](_blank)
American RadioWorks - Public Radio, 2014
Louis Allen
Louis Allen (April 25, 1919 – January 31, 1964) was an African-American businessman in Liberty, Mississippi, who was shot and killed on his land during the civil rights era. He had previously tried to register to vote and had allegedly talked ...
, a black witness to the shooting, initially testified in support of Hurst's self-defense claim. Allen later discussed the case with SNCC civil rights activists including
Julian Bond
Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer. While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the e ...
and reconsidered his testimony, believing that Hurst was the aggressor and had in fact murdered Lee. Learning that a federal jury was considering charges against Hurst, Allen met with representatives of the
FBI
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic Intelligence agency, intelligence and Security agency, security service of the United States and its principal Federal law enforcement in the United States, federal law enforcement age ...
and
Civil Rights Commission
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility fo ...
to see if federal protection would be available were he to change his testimony to the truth. When the
Justice Department
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
told him they would not offer him protection, Allen, afraid he would be killed, decided to stick to his original version of events. The white community nonetheless heard that Allen had talked to the government, and he was threatened, fired from his job, and harassed by law enforcement. In January 1964, the night before he was planning to move away from Liberty, Allen was murdered in his driveway by two shotgun blasts. Hurst's role in the Allen murder remains unclear. Investigations since 1994 have suggested that Allen was murdered by Daniel Jones, an Amite County deputy sheriff, but no one has been prosecuted for the murder.
Aftermath
Despite Hurst's killing of Lee, the SNCC and NAACP were still able to register about 1,200 voters in Mississippi against the resistance of officials like Hurst.
Adopting a simple registration process that was typical of northern states, and to show the desire of blacks to vote, they organized the
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party created in 1964 as a branch of the populist Freedom Democratic organization in the state of Mississippi during the ...
, open to all.
Sixty thousand blacks joined this party, and elected 68 delegates to go to the
1964 Democratic National Convention in
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Atlantic City, often known by its initials A.C., is a coastal resort city in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. The city is known for its casinos, boardwalk, and beaches. In 2020, the city had a population of 38,497. that summer.
They challenged the white-only Democratic Party delegates at the credentials committee, as white Democrats in the South had kept most blacks out of politics for more than 60 years. The national party would not accept the MFDP delegates as the official ones for the state.
Medgar Evers
Medgar Wiley Evers (; July 2, 1925June 12, 1963) was an American civil rights activist and the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi, who was murdered by Byron De La Beckwith. Evers, a decorated U.S. Army combat veteran who had served i ...
, leader of the
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
in Mississippi, was one of the speakers at Lee's funeral. In June 1963, Evers himself was shot and killed in a planned
assassination
Assassination is the murder of a prominent or important person, such as a head of state, head of government, politician, world leader, member of a royal family or CEO. The murder of a celebrity, activist, or artist, though they may not have ...
outside his home in
Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, officially the City of Jackson, is the Capital city, capital of and the List of municipalities in Mississippi, most populous city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. The city is also one of two county seats of Hinds County, Mississippi, ...
. Evers' killer,
Byron De La Beckwith, was a white supremacist and member of the
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and ...
. Like Hurst, Beckwith initially avoided criminal penalties due to Mississippi's use of all-white juries, although Beckwith was eventually convicted of murder based on new evidence in 1994 (the first trial being a hung jury
).
Mississippi reduced the number of state representatives from Amite County to a single seat in 1963. Hurst failed to win reelection, losing his seat to
Frank Wall. Activists continually petitioned for Hurst's criminal case to be similarly reopened, but no formal legal action was initiated against him by the time of his death in 1990.
References
Further reading
*Dittmer, John. ''Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi,'' Champaign, Illinois: The University of Illinois Press, 1995.
*Newfield, Jack. ''A Prophetic Minority''. New York: The New American Library, 1966.
*
Payne, Charles M. ''
I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle''. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1995.
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurst, E. H.
1908 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American white supremacists
Civil rights movement
Farmers from Mississippi
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
People acquitted of murder
People from Liberty, Mississippi