Dolores mine
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Dolores mine is an open pit silver and gold mine in the Mexican state of Chihuaua. It is owned by the Canadian company Pan-American Silver (PAS). The mine began production in 2008 and was expected to produce over $3 billion in profits. in 2010 the mine was expected to produce 80,000 ounces of gold and 4,000,000 ounces of silver per year for 17 years. The mine has generated an
environmental conflict Environmental conflicts or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources.Libiszewski, Stephan.What is an Environmental Conflict." ''Journal ...
, and local communities have fought for better environmental protection and larger shares of the profits from the mine. The conflict is exacerbated by militarisation associated with the Mexican drug war. Arsenic leeching from the mine has contaminated local water supplies, and hundreds of families have been displaced.


Background

The mine was originally developed by the Canadian company Minefinders. In 2006, farmers from the Huizopa ejido signed a contract with Minefinders, giving the company access to their land for 16 years. The ejido received 39 million pesos ($3.7 million). In 2008, the ejido declared that the contract was fraudulent, and that they had been deceived by the mining company. They demanded that the company take greater measures to mitigate environmental damage from the mine and more equitably share the expected $3 billion in profits from the mine. The state of Chihuaua has been militarised by the Mexican drug war, and when Pan-American Silver (PAS) bought the mine in 2012, there was an ongoing territorial dispute between organised crime groups. In Mexico, extractive industries may cooperate with organised crime groups who will drive away people living in areas to be mined and help the companies to silence community members who object to extractive projects. This violence also makes it difficult for human rights observers or journalists to travel to the area. In 2020, research carried out by EJAtlas,
MiningWatch Canada MiningWatch Canada is a non-governmental organization based in Ottawa, Ontario. Founded in 1999, it acts as a watchdog of Canada's mining industry. MiningWatch is part of the Canadian Network on Corporate Accountability, the Canadian Council for I ...
, Earthworks and the
Institute for Policy Studies The Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) is an American progressive think tank started in 1963 that is based in Washington, D.C. It was directed by John Cavanagh from 1998 to 2021. In 2021 Tope Folarin was announced as new Executive Director. ...
found that Pan-American Silver was involved in several
environmental conflict Environmental conflicts or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources.Libiszewski, Stephan.What is an Environmental Conflict." ''Journal ...
s in Latin America and that these conflicts "demonstrate a lack of respect for communities defending their territories from mining."


Production and geology

Dolores mine is located in the
Sierra Madre Occidental The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American C ...
volcanic belt. The mine uses both open-pit and underground mining methods. The mineralised area is 4,000 meters long, 1,000 meters wide, 700 meters deep. Dolores mine began production in 2008 with open-pit mining; underground mining techniques were explored beginning in 2010. Mine production was 1.22 million ounces of silver and 56,0000 ounces of gold in 2010, with production increasing in following years. From 2015-2018, the ore grade was 31-44 g/ton silver and 0.57-0.85 g/ton gold. The mine produced 4 million ounces of silver in 2018. In 2021, the mine had 20.5 M oz proven and probable silver reserves, and 650 k oz proven and probable gold reserves. The mineralised area is 4,000 meters long, 1,000 meters wide, 700 meters deep. Ore is trucked to leach pads where an arsenic leaching solution is run through it to extract the gold and silver.


Conflict

The Permanent Assembly of the Community of Huizopa blockaded the mine for 17 months beginning in May 2008, until the Mexican military facilitated access to the mine for the developer. One hundred Indigenous
Pima Pima or PIMA may refer to: People * Pima people, the Akimel O'odham, Indigenous peoples in Arizona (U.S.) and Sonora (Mexico) Places * Pima, Arizona, a town in Graham County * Pima County, Arizona * Pima Canyon, in the Santa Catalina Mountains ...
families were displaced during the mine's development due to contamination and diversion of the Tutuaca River. In 2010, a tear was discovered in one of the leach pads, and the mine leaked cyanide sodium into the environment, but complaints about the contamination were ignored. Mine opponents have been attacked and intimidated by criminal groups. In May 2018, armed criminal groups set up checkpoints around the mine, forcing the company to curtail operations.


References

{{Reflist Environmental justice Gold mines in Mexico Silver mines in Mexico