polymer science Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and elastomers. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines includ ...

, dispersion polymerization is a heterogeneous polymerization process carried out in the presence of a polymeric stabilizer in the reaction medium. Dispersion polymerization is a type of

precipitation polymerization In polymer science, precipitation polymerization is a heterogeneous polymerization process that begins initially as a homogeneous system in the continuous phase, where the monomer and initiator are completely soluble, but upon initiation the form ...

, meaning the solvent selected as the reaction medium is a good solvent for the monomer and the initiator, but is a non-solvent for the polymer. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, particles of polymer form, creating a non-homogeneous solution. In dispersion polymerization these particles are the locus of polymerization, with monomer being added to the particle throughout the reaction. In this sense, the mechanism for polymer formation and growth has features similar to that of

emulsion polymerization Emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomer, and surfactant. The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oil-in-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer ...

. With typical precipitation polymerization, the continuous phase (the solvent solution) is the main locus of polymerization, which is the main difference between precipitation and dispersion.

Polymerization mechanism

At the onset of polymerization, polymers remain in solution until they reach a critical

molecular weight A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioch ...

(MW), at which point they precipitate. These initial polymer particles are unstable and

coagulate Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The mechanism o ...

with other particles until stabilized particles form. After this point in the polymerization, growth only occurs by addition of monomer to the stabilized particles. As the polymer particles grow, stabilizer (or dispersant) molecules attach covalently to the surface. These stabilizer molecules are generally graft or block copolymers, and can be preformed or can form ''in situ'' during the reaction. Typically, one side of the stabilizer copolymer has an affinity for the solvent while the other side has an affinity for the polymer particle being formed. These molecules play a crucial role in dispersion polymerization by forming a “hairy layer” around the particles that prevents particle coagulation. This controls size and colloidal stability of the particles in the reaction system. The driving force for the particle separation is steric hindrance between the outward-facing tails of the stabilizer layers. Dispersion polymerization can produce nearly monodisperse polymer particles of 0.1–15 micrometers (µm). This is important because it fills the gap between particle size generated by conventional emulsion polymerization (0.006–0.7 µm) in batch process and that of suspension polymerization (50–1000 µm).

Applications

Particles produced by dispersion polymerization are used in a wide variety of applications. Toners, instrument calibration standards, chromatography column packing materials, liquid crystal display spacers, and biomedical and biochemical analysis all use these micron-size monodisperse particles, particles which were hard to come by before the development of dispersion polymerization methods. The dispersions are also used as surface coatings. Unlike solution coatings, dispersion coatings have viscosities that are independent of polymer MW. The viscosities of dispersions are advantageously lower than those of solutions with practical polymer levels. This allows for easier application of the coating. One dispersion polymerization system being studied is the use of supercritical liquid carbon dioxide (scCO₂) as a solvent. Because of its unique solvent properties, supercritical CO₂ is an ideal medium for dispersion polymerization for many soluble-monomer with insoluble-polymer systems. For example, polymers can be separated by releasing the high pressure under which the scCO₂ is held. This process is more efficient than typical drying processes. Also, the principles of dispersion polymerization with scCO₂ follows principles of

green chemistry Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. While environmental che ...

: low solvent toxicity, low waste, efficient atom economy, and avoidance of purification steps.

References

{{reflist Polymerization reactions