Dick Anthony

Dick Anthony is a forensic psychologist noted for his writings on the validity of brainwashing as a determiner of behavior, a prolific researcher of the social and psychological aspects of involvement in new religious movements.

Academic career

Anthony holds a PhD from the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. Zablocki, Benjamin; Robbins, Thomas. ''Misunderstanding Cults'', University of Toronto Press 2001, p. 522, He has supervised research at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and at the Graduate Theological Union, and is a former director of the Graduate Theological Union's UC Berkeley-affiliated Center for the Study of New Religions.Sipchen, Bob (1988-11-17)
"Ten Years After Jonestown, the Battle Intensifies Over the Influence of 'Alternative' Religions"
''Los Angeles Times'' His research has been supported by government agencies including the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Drug Abuse and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and he has frequently testified or acted as a consultant in court cases involving allegations of religious coercion or harm resulting from involvement in a religious group. Anthony has authored or co-authored a large number of scholarly articles on the topic and has co-edited several books.

Involvement in the brainwashing debate

Anthony has characterized brainwashing as "a pseudo-scientific myth", and spearheaded efforts which from 1990 onward led to the general rejection of brainwashing testimony as unscientific in United States courts. Anthony asserted in ''The Washington Post'' that "no reasonable person would question that there are situations where people can be influenced against their best interests, but those arguments are evaluated on the basis of fact, not bogus expert testimony."Oldenburg, Don (2003-11-21)
"Stressed to Kill: The Defense of Brainwashing; Sniper Suspect's Claim Triggers More Debate"
''The Washington Post''. Dismissing the idea of mind control, he has defended new religious movements, and argued that involvement in such movements may often have beneficial, rather than harmful effects.

Anthony was a key consultant for the government in the Fishman case and acted as a consultant in many subsequent cases of a similar nature, "frequently getting pseudoscientific mind control testimony excluded from evidentiary hearings".Lucas, Phillip Charles; Tobbins, Thomas (eds.). ''New religious movements in the twenty-first century: legal, political, and social challenges in global perspective'', Routledge 2004, p. 13, Richardson, James T. "Sociology and the New Religions: 'Brainwashing', the Courts, and Religious Freedom", in: Jenkins, Pamela J.; Kroll-Smith, Steve (eds.). ''Witnessing for Sociology: Sociologists in Court'', Praeger Publishers 1996, pp. 128–130, According to sociologist James T. Richardson, he was the "intellectual driving force" behind an amicus curiae brief on brainwashing endorsed by the American Psychological Association. In the Fishman case, the court accepted Anthony's argument that Margaret Singer's brainwashing theory lacked scientific support, a decision that set a legal precedent and led to the exclusion of Margaret Singer and her colleague Richard Ofshe as expert witnesses in this and subsequent trials. Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie (eds.). ''New religious movements: challenge and response'', Routledge 1999, pp. 227–228, Afterwards, Singer and Ofshe twice sued Anthony, as well as the American Psychological Association, the American Sociological Association and several other scholars, for defamation and conspiracy to deprive them of their livelihoods. Both suits were dismissed; in the second the judge granted the defendants a SLAPP motion, requiring Singer and Ofshe to pay Anthony's and the other defendants' legal costs.Richardson, James T. ''Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe'', Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2004, pp. 134–135, .

Anthony contributed a 100-page chapter on the brainwashing hypothesis to the book ''Misunderstanding Cults'', edited by sociologists Benjamin Zablocki and Thomas Robbins, in which he criticized the "tactical ambiguity" of brainwashing theorists like Zablocki. In Anthony's view, brainwashing proponents have, in their efforts to resurrect a discredited hypothesis, continually modified key assumptions underlying the concept in order to avoid any possibility of its empirical verification. Zablocki, Benjamin; Robbins, Thomas. ''Misunderstanding Cults'', University of Toronto Press 2001, p. 21, The chapter argues that "the term brainwashing has such sensationalist connotations that its use prejudices any scientific discussion of patterns of commitment in religious movements."

Reception

David G. Bromley and Anson Shupe, writing in the ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'' (1998), have credited Anthony and his co-author, sociologist Thomas Robbins, with having written "the most articulate critique" of the anti-cult movement's perspective on brainwashing.Swatos, William H.; Kivisto, Peter. ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'', Rowman Altamira 1998, p. 62, . Retrieved 2010-06-20. The sociologist James T. Richardson has referred to Anthony's scholarly work on brainwashing as "without peer".Richardson, James T. ''Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe'', Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2004, p. 145, ; the APA later withdrew its endorsement for "procedural and not substantial reasons".

Publications

Book chapters and articles

* "Brainwashing and Totalitarian Influence", in ''Encyclopedia of Mental Health'', ed. Howard S. Friedman, Academic Press, 1998, , pp. 331–346 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Cults, Brainwashing and Counter-Subversion," ''Annals'' 446(1979):78–90 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Cults in the Late Twentieth Century", in ''Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience. Studies of Traditions and Movements'', eds. Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1988) Vol II,

"Deprogramming, Brainwashing and the Medicalization of Deviant Religious Groups"
''Social Problems'', Vol. 29, No. 3, February 1982 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Getting Straight with Meher Baba: A Study of Drug Rehabilitation, Mysticism, and Post-adolescent Role Conflict", ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', 1972 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Law, Social Science and the 'Brainwashing' Exception to the First Amendment," ''Behavioral Sciences and the Law'' 10(1992):5–30 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Pseudoscience versus Minority Religions: An Evaluation of the Brainwashing Theories of Jean-Marie Abgrall", in ''Regulating Religion'', ed. James T. Richardson, Springer, 2004, , pp. 127–149 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Religious Movements and 'Brainwashing' Litigation" in ''In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America'', eds. Dick Anthony and Thomas Robbins, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Religious Totalism, Violence, and Exemplary Dualism," in ''Terrorism and Political Violence'' 7(1995):10–50 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Sects and Violence," in ''Armageddon at Waco'', ed. S. A. Wright (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995): 236–259 (with Thomas Robbins)
* "Tactical Ambiguity and Brainwashing Formulations: Science or Pseudo-Science?, in ''Misunderstanding Cults'', eds. B. D. Zablocki and Thomas Robbins, University of Toronto Press, 2001, , pp. 215–317
* "The 'Brainwashing' Metaphor as a Social Weapon: A New Conceptual Tool for the Therapeutic State", for a symposium on deprogramming held at the annual meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1977 (with Thomas Robbins and Jim MacCarthy)

"The Limits of Symbolic Realism: Problems of Emphatic Field Observation in a Sectarian Context"
''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', 1973 (with Thomas Robbins and Thomas E. Curtis)

"Theory and Research on Today's 'New Religions'"
''Sociology of Religion'', Sociological Analysis 1978 39(2):95-122; (with Thomas Robbins and James T. Richardson)

"Youth Culture Religious Movements: Evaluating the Integrative Hypothesis"
1975, ''Sociological Quarterly'', Volume 16 Issue 1, Pages 48–64 (with Thomas Robbins and Thomas E. Curtis)

Books

* ''In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America'', Transaction Publishers, 1990, (with Thomas Robbins)
* ''Spiritual Choices: The Problems of Recognizing Authentic Paths to Inner Transformation'', Paragon House, 1987, (with Thomas Robbins and Ken Wilber)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anthony, Dick
Living people
21st-century American psychologists
Researchers of new religious movements and cults
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill people
Year of birth missing (living people)