Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company

Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company, often abbreviated as D&C, was a shipping company on the Great Lakes.

Operations

The main route was between Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio. Routes also lead to Buffalo, New York with the purchase of the Detroit and Buffalo Steamship Company in 1909. Charters and day-trips were also offered. Most scheduled sailings were overnight sailings, landing in the morning after departure. Each ship was painted with a black hull and white superstructure and white lettering. By 1949, the ships wore all-white paint with blue lettering. The popular line operated from 1868 to 1951 and is often referred to as the owner of many of the Great Lakes' best "floating palaces" and "honeymoon ships".

History

In its heyday, the D&C Line was among the most well-known shipping companies in business on the Great Lakes, with its vessels being among the largest and most palatial ever seen. Two of them, and the , were both built in 1923, and were known as the largest side-wheeler passenger ships in the world.
Naval architect Frank E. Kirby designed many D&C ships. As ferry and cruise ships, all of the ships of D&C were a success, with various civic groups and companies often chartering each ship on account of their reputations for excellent services and good cuisine. Upon reaching Buffalo, happy honeymoon couples would connect to Niagara Falls. In the late 1930s, the increasing use of the automobile caused passenger numbers to slowly fall.

During World War II, ''Greater Buffalo'' was converted into training aircraft carriers for use on the Great Lakes. In the meantime, ''Greater Detroit'' and her fleetmates saw an increase in passenger revenues, with the ships being reasonably full as Americans rationed gasoline for the war effort and therefore chose to travel between cites on the D&C liners, among other lines operating then.

By the end of the war, revenues fell again. ''Greater Detroit'' and her fleetmates, the '' City of Cleveland III'', '' City of Detroit III'', ''Western States'', and the ''Eastern States'', were all that remained. On June 26, 1950, the -long ''City of Cleveland III'' was struck abaft by the Norwegian freighter '' Ravenfjell'', and was severely damaged. Five passengers were killed in the collision, with dozens injured. The two ships survived and returned to their ports, but this incident, along with the dramatic resurgence of the automobile and truck traffic trades, finished the company. The company was formally dissolved in 1951, shortly after their old harbor terminals were condemned by the city of Detroit because of old age, and by 1959, most of the line's remaining ships had been scrapped. ''Greater Detroit'' and ''Eastern States'' in particular had their wooden upper works set afire before their steel hulls were scrapped at the Steel Company of Canada.

''Western States'', after finding herself laid up by 1951, was towed to Tawas City, Michigan on Lake Huron in 1955 to become a floating hotel. Overniter Inc. was her owner and the vessel was unofficially renamed ''Overniter''. When the "flotel" idea proved to be unprofitable, Siegel Iron & Metal Company of Detroit purchased her. After a dockside fire in 1959, she was scrapped by Michigan-based Bay City Scrap Company at the old Davidson Shipyard.

''Greater Buffalo'' was declared surplus by the United States Navy and scrapped in 1948.

One vessel built in 1883, the long, 807 ton '' City of Mackinac'' (renamed ''State of New York'' in 1893 by the Cleveland and Buffalo Line) was sold back to D&C in 1909. The ''City of Mackinac'' was later converted into the floating clubhouse of the Chicago Yacht Club (from 1936 to 2004) and was the last known vessel of the D&C Line to survive.

The line today

When the ''City of Detroit III'' was dismantled in 1956, Frank Schmidt bought the wooden fittings from the Gothic Room aboard the steamer and had the material shipped to suburban Cleveland. After his death, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum on Belle Isle in the Detroit River acquired the woodwork and a part of the large and elegant room was preserved there as a reminder of the D&C Line's past glory days.

It was not until the arrival of the German HAPAG ship '' c. Columbus'' in 1997 that such large and well-accommodated overnight passengers ships had been seen on the Great Lakes.

Along with the Hudson River Day Line, the Georgian Bay Lines, Great Lakes Transit Company, Canada Steamship Lines, Fall River Line, Old Bay Line, among other lines, the D&C Line is considered to be among the major passenger shipping companies of America's inland and coastal waterways. It was a people mover and a catalyst for the development of numerous towns and ports at a time when better automobile and trucking routes, along with larger bridges, were yet to be built and established.

Some notable steamships

* '' City of Detroit III'' (1912–1957)
* ''Eastern States'' (1901–1957)
* ''Western States'' (1902–1959)
* '' City of Cleveland III'' (1907–1956)
* (1923–1957)
* (1923–1947)
* '' City of Mackinac'' (1883–1982)
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References

Bibliography

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External links

* http://www.mhsd.org/passenger/ Passenger Ships of Great Lakes

Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive: City of Cleveland, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

{{DEFAULTSORT:Detroit And Cleveland Navigation Company
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Great Lakes
Defunct shipping companies of the United States
Companies based in Detroit