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Demographic economics or population economics is the application of
economic An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with th ...
analysis to
demography Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as ed ...
, the study of human
population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction usi ...
s, including
size Size in general is the magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, ''geometrical size'' (or ''spatial size'') can refer to linear dimensions ( length, width, height, diameter, perimeter), area, or volume. Size can also be me ...
,
growth Growth may refer to: Biology * Auxology, the study of all aspects of human physical growth * Bacterial growth * Cell growth * Growth hormone, a peptide hormone that stimulates growth * Human development (biology) * Plant growth * Secondary grow ...
,
density Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathematicall ...
,
distribution Distribution may refer to: Mathematics * Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations *Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a vari ...
, and vital statistics.


Aspects

Aspects of the subject include * marriage and
fertility Fertility is the capability to produce offspring through reproduction following the onset of sexual maturity. The fertility rate is the average number of children born by a female during her lifetime and is quantified demographically. Ferti ...
* the
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
* divorce * morbidity and
life expectancy Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, current age, and other demographic factors like sex. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth ...
/mortality * dependency ratios * migration *
population growth Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to ...
* population size *
public policy Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs. Public ...
* the
demographic transition In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to l ...
from " population explosion" to (dynamic) stability or decline. Other subfields include measuring value of life and the economics of the elderly and the handicapped and of gender, race, minorities, and non-labor discrimination. In coverage and subfields, it complements labor economics and implicates a variety of other economics subjects. __NOTOC__


Subareas

The '' Journal of Economic Literature'' classification codes are a way of categorizing subjects in economics. There, demographic economics is paired with labour economics as one of 19 primary classifications at JEL: J.Of which a complete list for JEL: J with corresponding Wikipedia links is at JEL classification codes#Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories. It has eight subareas: : General : Demographic Trends and Forecasts : Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure : Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth : Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped : Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination : Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination : Value of life; Foregone Income : Public Policy


See also

*
Cost of raising a child The cost of raising a child varies from country to country. The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure, such as food, housing, and clothing. However, any given family's act ...
*
Family economics Family economics applies economic concepts such as production, division of labor, distribution, and decision making to the family. It is used to explain outcomes unique to family—such as marriage, the decision to have children, fertility, po ...
* Generational accounting * Growth economics Related: *
Income and fertility Income and fertility is the association between monetary gain on one hand, and the tendency to produce offspring on the other. There is generally an inverse correlation between income and the total fertility rate within and between nations. Th ...
*
Demographic dividend Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), is "the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is large ...
*
Demographic transition In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to l ...
*
Demographic gift Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), is "the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is large ...
*
Demographic window The Demographic Window is defined to be that period of time in a nation's demographic evolution when the proportion of population of working age group is particularly prominent. This occurs when the demographic architecture of a population becomes ...
*
Demographic trap According to the ''Encyclopedia of International Development'', the term demographic trap is used by demographers "to describe the combination of high fertility (birth rates) and declining mortality (death rates) in developing countries, resul ...
*
Preston curve The Preston curve is an empirical Cross-sectional data, cross-sectional relationship between life expectancy and real per capita income. It is named after Samuel H. Preston who first described it in 1975. Preston studied the relationship for the 1 ...
* Development economics


Notes


References

* John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, ed. ( 9871989. ''Social Economics: The New Palgrave'', pp
vvi.
Arrow-page searchable links to entries for: : "Ageing Populations," pp
1
3, by Robert L. Clark : "Declining Population," pp
10
15, by Robin Barlow : "Demographic Transition," pp
16
23, by Ansley J. Coale : "Extended Family," pp
58
63, by Oliva Harris : "Family," pp
65
76, by Gary S. Becker : "Fertility," p
77
89, by
Richard A. Easterlin Richard Ainley Easterlin (born 12 January 1926) is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. He is best known for the economic theory named after him, the Easterlin paradox. Another of his contributions is the Easterlin ...
: "Gender," pp
95
108, by Francine D. Blau : "Race and Economics," pp
215
218, by H. Stanback : "Value of Life," p
289
76, by
Thomas C. Schelling Thomas Crombie Schelling (April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016) was an American economist and professor of foreign policy, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control at the School of Public Policy at University of Maryland, College P ...
* Nathan Keyfitz, 1987. "demography," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 1, pp. 796–802. * T. Paul Schultz, 1981. ''Economics of Population''. Addison-Wesley. Boo
review.
* John B. Shoven, ed., 2011. ''Demography and the Economy'', University of Chicago Press. Scroll-dow
description
an

*
Julian L. Simon Julian Lincoln Simon (February 12, 1932 – February 8, 1998) was an American professor of business administration at the University of Maryland and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute at the time of his death, after previously serving as a ...
, 1977. ''The Economics of Population Growth''. Princeton, * _____, 9811996. '' The Ultimate Resource 2'', rev. and expanded. Princeton. Description and previe
links.
**Dennis A. Ahlburg, 1998. "Julian Simon and the Population Growth Debate," ''Population and Development Review'', 24(2), pp
317-327.
** M. Perlman, 1982. ntitled review of Simon, 1977 & 1981 ''Population Studies'', 36(3), pp
490
494. * Julian L. Simon, ed., 1997. ''The Economics Of Population: Key Modern Writings''
Description.
* _____, ed., 1998. ''The Economics of Population: Classic Writings''.
Description
and scroll to chapter-previe
links.
*
Joseph J. Spengler Joseph John Spengler (19 November 1902 – 2 January 1991) was an American economist, statistician, and historian of economic thought.Kelley (March 1992), p. 142 A recipient of the 1951 John Frederick Lewis Award of the American Philosophical Socie ...
1951. "The Population Obstacle to Economic Betterment," ''American Economic Review'', 41(2), pp
343
354. * _____, 1966. "The Economist and the Population Question," ''American Economic Review'', 56(1/2), pp. 1–24.


Journals

* ''Demography'' �
Scope and links to issue contents & abstracts.
* ''Journal of Population Economics'' �
Aims and scope
an
20th Anniversary statement
2006. * ''Population and Development Review'' –
Aims and abstract & supplement links.
* ''Population Bulletin'' – Each issue on a
current population topic.
* ''Population Studies'' �
Aims and scope.
* '' Review of Economics of the Household'' {{Lists of countries by population statistics