Background
Only a few months after Cromwell was made Lord Protector over England, Milton published a tract titled ''Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio Secunda''. The work was one of the last times that Milton discussed Cromwell's character.Keeble 2003 p. 134 It is a defence of the Parliamentary regime, controlled by Cromwell, and sought the support of a European audience. In addition to this purpose, the work serves a reply to the attacks on his ''Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce'' by Herbert PalmerWheeler 2003 p. 134 and attacks on his ''Defensio pro Populo Anglicano'' by Salmasius. A further anonymous pamphlet attack from the royalist side, ''Regii sanguinis clamor ad coelum'', he rebutted with an ''ad hominem'' attack onTract
Milton begins his work by addressing claiming to fight for truth and freedom who will help reform Europe: :"I have in the ''First Defence'' spoken out and shall in the ''Second'' speak again to the entire assembly and council of all the most influential men, cities, and nations everywhere".Milton 1966 p. 554 He continues by discussing parts of his life, and explains why he writes instead of fighting as a soldier: :"I did not avoid the toils and dangers of military service without rendering to my fellow citizens another kind of service that was much more useful and no less perilous". After defending why he writes, Milton explains his purpose in writing:It is the renewed cultivation of freedom and civic life that I disseminate throughout cities, kingdoms, and nations. But not entirely unknown, nor perhaps unwelcome, shall I return if I am he who disposed of the contentious satellite of tyrants, hitherto deemed unconquerable, both in the view of most men and in his own opinion. When he with insults was attacking us and our battle array, and our leaders looked first of all to me, I met him in single combat and plunged into his reviling throat this pen, the weapon of his choice.After Milton was accused of being a worse person than Cromwell, he wrote in the work that it was "the highest praise you could bestow on me". Later in the tract, Milton discusses his ''
Themes
Milton, through the work, becomes a defender of the individual against the control of a government or religious authority. He also attacks the concept of titles and other forms of pomp, a theme that reoccurs later in the figure of Satan from his '' Paradise Lost''. Besides discussing his views on politics, Milton dwells on parts of his biography, including a description of his early years with education and literature.Lares 2001 p. 23Notes
References
* Keeble, N. H. "Milton and Puritanism" in ''A Companion to Milton''. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. * Lares, Jameela. ''Milton and the Preaching Arts''. Pittsburg: Duquesne University Press, 2001. * Loewenstein, David. "The Radical Religious Politics of ''Paradise Lost''" in ''A Companion to Milton''. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. * Milton, John. ''Complete Prose Works of John Milton'' Vol IV Ed. Don Wolfe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966. * Patterson, Annabel. "Milton, Marriage and Divorce" in ''A Companion to Milton''. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. * Rumrich, John. "Radical Heterodoxy and Heresy" in ''A Companion to Milton''. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. * Wheeler, Elizabeth. "Early Political Prose" in ''A Companion to Milton''. Ed. Thomas Corns. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. * Wootton, David. ''Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649-1776''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. {{Authority control 1654 books Works by John Milton 17th-century Latin books