David Cope (born May 17, 1941 in San Francisco, California) is an American author, composer, scientist, and former professor of music at the

University of California, Santa Cruz The University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz or UCSC) is a public land-grant research university in Santa Cruz, California. It is one of the ten campuses in the University of California system. Located on Monterey Bay, on the ed ...

(UCSC). His primary area of research involves

artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech ...

and music; he writes programs and algorithms that can analyse existing music and create new compositions in the style of the original input music. He taught a summer workshop in algorithmic

computer music Computer music is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and ...

that was open to the public (but not free) as well as a general education course entitled Artificial Intelligence and Music for enrolled UCSC students. Cope is also co-founder and CTO Emeritus of Recombinant Inc., a music technology company.

Inventions

Cope is the inventor of US Patent #7696426 "Recombinant music composition algorithm and method of using the same".

Composition

His EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence) software has produced works in the style of various composers, some of which have been commercially recorded—ranging from short pieces to full length operas. His subsequent

Emily Howell Emily Howell is a computer program created by David Cope, a music professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Emily Howell is an interactive interface that "hears" feedback from listeners, and builds its own musical compositions from a so ...

program models musical creativity based on the types of creativity outlined by

Margaret Boden Margaret Ann Boden (born 26 November 1936) is a Research Professor of Cognitive Science in the Department of Informatics at the University of Sussex, where her work embraces the fields of artificial intelligence, psychology, philosophy, and c ...

in her book ''The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms''. As a composer, Cope's own work has encompassed a variety of styles—from the traditional to the avant-garde—and techniques, such as unconventional manners of playing, experimental musical instrument, and microtonal scales, including a 33-note system of

just intonation In music, just intonation or pure intonation is the tuning of musical intervals as whole number ratios (such as 3:2 or 4:3) of frequencies. An interval tuned in this way is said to be pure, and is called a just interval. Just intervals (and ...

he developed himself. Most recently, all of his original compositions have been written in collaboration with the computer—based on an input of his earlier works. He seeks a synergy between composer creativity and computer algorithm as his principal creative direction.

Bibliography

Cope has published a wide range of books, which are often used as textbooks. ''New Directions in Music,'' first published in 1971, is currently in its 7th edition and is the standard text for contemporary music. In 2009, Cope was interviewed by the media in anticipation of the release of a CD containing music composed collaboratively by Cope and

, a computer program. Cope has also published a series of detective novels under a pseudonym.

Books

*Cope, David (1991). ''Computers and Musical Style''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. *—— (1996). ''Experiments in Musical Intelligence''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. *—— (1997). ''Techniques of the Contemporary Composer''. New York City: Schirmer Books. . *—— (2000). ''New Directions in Music, 7th ed.'' Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. . *—— (2000). ''The Algorithmic Composer''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. *—— (2001). ''Virtual Music: Computer Synthesis of Musical Style''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. . *—— (2006). ''Computer Models of Musical Creativity''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. *—— (2008). ''Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. . *—— (2012). ''A Musicianship Primer San Francisco''. Epoc Books. .

Chapters

*1992. "A Computer Model of Music Composition." In ''Machine Models of Music'', Stephan Schwanauer and David Levitt, eds.: MIT Press. *1992. "On the Algorithmic Representation of Musical Style." In ''Musical Intelligence'', M. Balaban, K. Ebcioglu, and O. Laske, eds. : AAAI Press. *1998. "Signatures and Earmarks: Computer Recognition of Patterns in Music." In ''Melodic Similarity, Concepts, Procedures, and Applications''. Walter B. Hewlett and Eleanor Selfridge-Field (eds.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Articles

*1987. "Experiments in Music Intelligence." In ''Proceedings of the

International Computer Music Conference The International Computer Music Conference (ICMC) is a yearly international conference for computer music researchers and composers. It is the annual conference of the International Computer Music Association (ICMA). History In 1986, the Inst ...

'', San Francisco: Computer Music Association. *1987. "An Expert System for Computer-Assisted Music Composition." ''

Computer Music Journal ''Computer Music Journal'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers a wide range of topics related to digital audio signal processing and electroacoustic music. It is published on-line and in hard copy by MIT Press. The journal is accompani ...

'' 11,4 (Winter): 30–46. *1988. "Music and

LISP A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ). These misarticulations often result in unclear speech. Types * A frontal lisp occurs when the tongue is placed anterior to the target. Interdental lispin ...

." ''AI Expert'' 3,3 (March): 26–34. *1988. "Music: The Universal Language." In ''Proceedings of the First Workshop on AI and Music''. Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota: AAAI: 87–98. *1989. "Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI): Non-Linear Linguistic-based Composition." ''Interface'', vol. 18: 117–139. *1990. "Pattern Matching as an Engine for the Computer Simulation of Musical Style." In ''Proceedings of the 1990 ICMC''. San Fran Computer Music Association *1991. "Recombinant Music." ''COMPUTER''. (July). *1991. "Computer Simulations of Musical Style." ''Computers in Music Research'', The Queens University of Belfast, 7–10 (April): 15–17. *1992. "Computer Modeling of Musical Intelligence in Experiments in Musical Intelligence." ''

'' 16,2 (Summer): 69–83. *1993. "Virtual Music." '' Electronic Musician'', 9:5 (May): 80–85. *1996. "Mimesis du style et de la structure musicale." Symposium on Composition, Modelisation et Ordinateur. IRCAM, Paris: 21–23. *1997. "Composer's Underscoring Environment." In ''Proceedings of the

''. San Fran: Computer Music Association. *1997. "The Composer's Underscoring Environment: CUE." ''

'' 21/3 (Fall). *1999. "One Approach to Musical Intelligence." ''

IEEE Intelligent Systems ''IEEE Intelligent Systems'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society and sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), British Computer Society (BCS), and European As ...

''. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society (14/3, May/June). *2000. "Facing the Music: Perspectives on Machine Composed Music." ''

Leonardo Music Journal ''Leonardo Music Journal'' is an annual multimedia peer-reviewed academic journal (print and audio CD) published by the MIT Press on behalf of Leonardo, The International Society of the Arts, Sciences and Technology. The journal was establishe ...

'' 9: 79–87. *2002. "Computer Analysis and Composition Using Atonal Voice-Leading Techniques." ''

Perspectives of New Music ''Perspectives of New Music'' (PNM) is a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and analysis. It was established in 1962 by Arthur Berger and Benjamin Boretz (who were its initial editors-in-chief). ''Perspectives'' was firs ...

'' 40/1 (Winter): 121–146. *2003. "Computer Analysis of Musical Allusions."

27/1: 11–28. *2004. " A Musical Learning Algorithm." Computer Music Journal 28/3: 12–27. *2006. "The Vivaldi Code" '' Wired'', issue 14. September 9, 2006.

Discography

*1993. ''Bach by Design''. Centaur Records. CRC 2184 *1997. ''Classical Music Composed by Computer''. Centaur Records. CRC 2329 *1997. ''Virtual Mozart''. Centaur Records. CRC 2452 *1999. ''Towers''. Vienna Modern Masters. VMM 2024 *2003. ''Virtual Bach''. Centaur Records. CRC 2619 *2009. ''From Darkness, Light (Emily Howell)''. Centaur Records. CRC 3023 *2011. Symphony No. 4. Epoc. B008J5IK78 *2012. Symphony No. 5. Epoc. B008J5IFD2 *2012. Symphony No. 9 "(Martin Luther King, Jr.)" Epoc. B008J5IGCW *2012. String Quartets 5 and 6. Epoc. B008O9RZTS *2012. Violin Concerto/Viola Concerto. Epoc. B008J5IGRC *2012. Cello Concerto/Octet for Strings. Epoc. B008K8VJM2 *2012. Piano Concerto/''Re-Birth/Transcendence''. Epoc. B008PYPDUK

References

Sources * *

External links

music.ucsc.edu – Faculty: David Cope
*
David Cope profile

Recombinant Inc website
*

Ryan Blitstein Ryan Blitstein (born July 1979 in San Francisco, California) is Vice President of Sales Strategy & Operations at the Industrial AI software company Uptake. He was the first Executive Director of the education innovation grantmaking foundation SC ...

Triumph of the Cyborg Composer
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Pacific Standard ''Pacific Standard'' was an American online magazine that reported on issues of social and environmental justice. Founded in 2008, the magazine was published in print and online for its first ten years until production of the print edition cease ...

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"Musical DNA" segment
from NPR '' Radiolab'' program, September 25, 2007 {{DEFAULTSORT:Cope, David 1941 births Living people American classical composers American male classical composers Artificial intelligence researchers University of California, Santa Cruz faculty Writers from San Francisco 21st-century classical composers 21st-century American composers 21st-century American male musicians Centaur Records artists