Dalip Frashëri

Dalip bey Frashëri, also known with the pen-name Hyxhretiu (the exiled), was an Albanian Bektashi sheikh and bejtexhi of the 19th century. His poem ''Kopshti i te mirevet'' (Garden of the martyrs) is the first and the longest epic known in the Albanian literature.

Life

Dalip was born in Frashër, Janina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire. A dervish originating in a family with strong Bektashi roots, and played an important part in the local ''tekke'' there. He was the son of Kaso Frashëri, and brother of poet Shahin Frashëri and despite what is believed, it appears that they were not relatives with brothers Naim, Sami, and Abdyl Frashëri.
Not much is known on his life, except that he work for years on his poem ''Garden of the martyrs''. He finished it in 1842, while being interned in the '' tekke'' of Konitsa by the Ottoman authorities.

Frashëri used the Arabic alphabet in his work. Although he was the author of other poems, the one that remains from him is the ''Garden of the martyrs'' (). It tells the story of the Battle of Karbala, which had previously influenced Shia and Sufi literature. It was finished on 21 Rabi II 1258 in Islamic Calendar, which corresponds to 6 June 1842. This information comes from some of the verses:

A poem of around 56,000 verses based on the region's specific sub-dialect of Tosk, it is the earliest and longest epic piece written in Albanian. It is believed to have been intended for ritual ceremonies in ''tekkes'' and home rituals during the ''mätam''.

While is based on the work of Azerbaijani poet Fuzûlî, also named ''Hadîkat üs-Süedâ'' (حديقت السعداء; "Garden of martyrs"), it is the first attempts by Bektashi Albanians to rival Fuzûlî and show the significant impact of Bektashism in Albanian life of those times. While Fuzûlî used both poetry and prose for his poem, Frashëri relied only on verses. The poem includes information on Albanian customs, festivals, and sensibilities. For instance, it gives details on the Mätam ritual, where the Bektashis refrain from drinking water. Therefore, even if it seems that Frashëri's initial idea was to translate and adapt Fuzûlî's work, it ended up as a truly national and comprehensible composition on its own.

The poem is divided in ten sections, and is preceded by an introduction. The intro tells the story of the Bektashism in Albania, with plenty of information believed he gathered from Baba Shemin of Krujë and Nasibi Tahir Babai before Islam, the work of the Prophet, his life and death, and events that led to the Karbala tragedy. The Battle of Karbala is described in detail; Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn ibn Ali.

The poem is believed to have served at a some extend as base model for the later work of the Albanian nationalist poet Naim Frashëri named ''Qerbelaja'' (Karbala), and also for the epic ''Istori' e Skenderbeut'' (History of Scanderbeg), published in Bucharest in 1898. It is one of the latest works written in Albanian using the Arabic alphabet.

Notes and references

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frasheri, Dalip
19th-century Albanian poets
People from Gjirokastër County
Sufi poets
Albanian Sufis
Bektashi Order
Albanian religious leaders
People from Janina vilayet
Albanian-language poets
Dalip