Dunya Yunis

In Islam, ' ( ar, دُنْيا ) refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions, as opposed to the hereafter ('' ʾākhirah''). In the Qur'an, ''dunyā'' and ''ākhira'' are sometimes used dichotomously, other times complementarily. Islam does not ''a priori'' dismiss the world as "evil". Instead, this world is defined as "the field of ''ākhira''" and the place of examination. In ancient Caucasian religions such as Mari, Dunya or Tunya refers to the God of the World. Two Qur'anic ayat (verses) show that ''dunyā'' and ''ākhira'' are not considered as alternatives to each other per se:

* "Ordain for us the good in this world 'al-dunyā''and in the hereafter 'al-ākhira''" ( ''Surah Al A'râf'' 7:156)
* "You are my friend in this world 'al-dunyā''and the next 'al-ākhira''" (''Surah Yusuf'' 12:101)

What the Qur'an condemns is too much attention to the earthly life at the cost of forgetting the eternal life. For this purpose, Muslims are encouraged in the Qur'an 47:24 to ponder the verses of the Qur'an itself, and to do their best to not get too attached to this temporal existence and its trappings. In Islam, ''dunyā'' is a test; success and failure lead to paradise and hell, respectively.

Modern usage

The term is originally an Arabic word that derives from the root ''d-n-w'' ( 'to bring near'). In that sense, dunya is "what is brought near". The term has spread to many other languages, particularly those with large groups of Muslim speakers. For example;
* / in Egyptian Arabic
* in Turkish
* in Azerbaijani
* () in Kurdish
* () in Hindi, Marathi and Nepali
* () in Bengali and Assamese
* (, ) in Punjabi
* () in Gujarati
* () in Urdu