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Dugongidae is a 
Dugongidae's body weight ranges from 217 to 307 kg for juveniles, 334 to 424 kg for subadults, and 435 to 568.5 kg for adults. Oral temperatures for individual dugongs is determined from 24° to 34.2 °C. Heart rate readings are from 40 to 96 bpm and vary between individual dugongs. Respiration rate during the out-of-water phase is from 1 to 33.
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
in the order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
of Sirenia
The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct f ...
. The family has one surviving species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
, the dugong
The dugong (; ''Dugong dugon'') is a marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest m ...
(''Dugong dugon''), one recently extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
species, Steller's sea cow
Steller's sea cow (''Hydrodamalis gigas'') is an extinct sirenian described by Georg Wilhelm Steller in 1741. At that time, it was found only around the Commander Islands in the Bering Sea between Alaska and Russia; its range extended across ...
(''Hydrodamalis gigas''), and a number of extinct genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
known from fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
records.
Dugongidae's body weight ranges from 217 to 307 kg for juveniles, 334 to 424 kg for subadults, and 435 to 568.5 kg for adults. Oral temperatures for individual dugongs is determined from 24° to 34.2 °C. Heart rate readings are from 40 to 96 bpm and vary between individual dugongs. Respiration rate during the out-of-water phase is from 1 to 33.
Taxonomy
* Family DUGONGIDAE ** Genus †''Anisosiren
''Anisosiren'' was an early sea cow from the Middle Eocene of Hungary.
Location
Fossils of ''Anisosiren'' are known from the Eocene deposits in Hungary.L. Kordos. 2002. Eocene sea cows (Sirenia, Mammalia) from Hungary. Fragmenta Palaeontologica H ...
''
** Genus †''Caribosiren
''Caribosiren'' is an extinct genus of mammal which existed in what is now Puerto Rico during the late Oligocene (Chattian
The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Seri ...
''
** Genus †'' Indosiren''
** Genus †''Lentiarenium
''Lentiarenium'' was an early sea cow from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) Linz-Melk Formation of Austria. Known since the mid 19th century, ''Lentiarenium'' was long considered to be a species of ''Halitherium'' until a 2016 analysis showed it to ...
''
** Genus †''Kaupitherium
''Kaupitherium'' is an extinct dugongid sea cow that lived during the Oligocene. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Alzey Formation of Germany. Inside its flippers were finger bones that did not stick out. ''Kaupitherium'' also had the ...
''
** Genus †'' Paralitherium''
** Genus †''Priscosiren
''Priscosiren'' is an extinct genus of mammal which existed in the west Atlantic and Puerto Rico during the early Oligocene (Chattian
The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene ...
''
** Genus †'' Prohalicore''
** Genus †''Sirenavus
''Sirenavus'' was an early sea cow from the Eocene of Hungary ( Eger-Kis-Eged, Felsogalla, Felsotarkany and Urom).
Location
Fossils of ''Sirenavus'' are known from the Eocene deposits in Hungary.L. Kordos. 2002. Eocene sea cows (Sirenia, Mamma ...
''
** Subfamily †Halitheriinae
*** Genus †''Halitherium
''Halitherium'' is an extinct dugongid sea cow that arose in the late Eocene, then became extinct during the early Oligocene. Its fossils are common in European shales. Inside its flippers were finger bones that did not stick out. ''Halitherium' ...
'' (''nomen dubium'')
** Subfamily Dugong
The dugong (; ''Dugong dugon'') is a marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest m ...
inae
*** Genus †''Bharatisiren
''Bharatisiren'' is an extinct genus of mammal which existed in what is now India during the early Miocene (Aquitanian) period.
Taxonomy
The type species of ''Bharatisiren'', ''B. kachchhebsis'', was originally named as a species of ''Metaxythe ...
''
*** Genus †''Callistosiren
''Callistosiren'' is an extinct genus of mammal which existed in what is now Puerto Rico during the late Oligocene (Chattian
The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Ser ...
''
*** Genus †''Crenatosiren
''Crenatosiren'' is an extinct genus of dugongid sirenian known from the late Oligocene (Chattian) of Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The type and only known species is ''Crenatosiren olseni''.
Taxonomy
''Crenatosiren'' was original ...
''
*** Genus †''Corystosiren
''Corystosiren'' is an extinct genus of dugongid sirenian mammal which existed in the waters of the Caribbean Basin during the early Pliocene. Fossils have been found in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, and Florida.D. P. Domning. 1990. Fossil Sir ...
''
*** Genus †''Culebratherium
''Culebratherium'' is an extinct genus of dugongid sirenian mammal which existed in what is now Panama during the Early Miocene. It takes its name from the upper member of the Culebra Formation of the Panama Canal Zone, in which the holotype
...
''
*** Genus †'' Dioplotherium''
*** Genus †'' Domningia''
*** Genus ''Dugong
The dugong (; ''Dugong dugon'') is a marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest m ...
''
**** Species ''Dugong dugon
The dugong (; ''Dugong dugon'') is a marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae; its closest m ...
'', dugong
*** Genus †''Italosiren
''Italosiren'' is an extinct genus of early dugongidae, dugong from the Early Miocene (Aquitanian (stage), Aquitanian) Libano Formation in northern Italy.
Classification
It was originally classified as a species of ''Halitherium'', ''H. bellunens ...
''
*** Genus †'' Kutchisiren''
*** Genus †'' Nanosiren''
*** Genus †'' Norosiren''
*** Genus †'' Rytiodus''
*** Genus †'' Xenosiren''
** Subfamily †Metaxytheriinae
*** Genus †''Metaxytherium
''Metaxytherium'' is an extinct genus of dugong that lived from the Oligocene until the end of the Pliocene. Fossil remains have been found in Africa, Europe, North America and South America. Generally marine seagrass specialists, they inhabit ...
''
** Subfamily †Hydrodamalinae
Hydrodamalinae is a recently extinct subfamily of the sirenian family Dugongidae. The Steller's sea cow (''Hydrodamalis gigas'') was hunted to extinction by 1768, while the genus ''Dusisiren'' is known from fossils dating from the middle Miocen ...
*** Genus †''Dusisiren
''Dusisiren'' is an extinct genus of dugong related to the Steller's sea cow that lived in the North Pacific during the Neogene.
Paleobiology
''Dusisiren'' is a sirenian exemplar of the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium. It evolved ...
''
*** Genus †''Hydrodamalis
''Hydrodamalis'' is a genus of extinct herbivorous sirenian marine mammals, and included the Steller's sea cow (''Hydrodamalis gigas''), the Cuesta sea cow (''Hydrodamalis cuestae''), and the Takikawa sea cow (''Hydrodamalis spissa''). The fossi ...
''
**** Species †'' Hydrodamalis cuestae''
**** Species †'' Hydrodamalis spissa''
**** Species †'' Hydrodamalis gigas'', Steller's sea cow
The genera ''Eosiren
''Eosiren'' is an extinct genus of sea cow that lived during the Late Eocene (later Priabonian) to Early Oligocene (Rupelian).Zalmout I.S. & Gingerich P.D. (2012)“Late Eocene sea cows (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Wadi al Hitan in the western dese ...
'', ''Eotheroides
''Eotheroides'' is an extinct genus of Eocene sirenian. It is an early member of the family Dugongidae, which includes the extant dugong. Fossils have been found from Egypt, India, and Madagascar. ''Eotheroides'' was first described by Richard O ...
'', and '' Prototherium'' have been assigned to Halitheriinae in the past, but recent cladistic analysis recovers these genera as basal to the clade formed by Trichechidae and Dugongidae. Moreover, Halitheriinae is paraphyletic with respect to Dugonginae and Hydrodamalinae, and further use of the name should be discontinued because the type genus is based on a non-diagnostic tooth.
Phylogeny
References
Sirenians Mammal families Taxa named by John Edward Gray {{afrotheria-stub