) (Polish, Ukrainian Carpathians) * Diple ( Dalmatian Coast) * Tulum (Turkish and Pontic) *Tsambouna (Dodecanese and Cyclades) *Askambandoura (Crete) *Gajdy (Polish/Czech/Slovak) *Gaita ( Galician) *Surle (Serbian/Croatian) *Mezoued/Zukra (Northern Africa) * Guda, tulum ( Laz people) * Dankiyo, zimpona (

Pontic Pontic, from the Greek ''pontos'' (, ), or "sea", may refer to: The Black Sea Places * The Pontic colonies, on its northern shores * Pontus (region), a region on its southern shores * The Pontic–Caspian steppe, steppelands stretching from n ...

) * Parakapzuk ( Armenia) * Gudastviri ( Georgia (country)) * Tsimboni ( Georgia (country) )(

Adjara Adjara ( ka, აჭარა ''Ach’ara'' ) or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara ( ka, აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა ''Ach’aris Avt’onomiuri Resp’ublik’a'' ...

) * Shuvyr ( Circassians ) * Sahbr, Shapar (

Chuvashia Chuvashia (russian: Чувашия; cv, Чӑваш Ен), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvasia,; cv, Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuv ...

) * Tulug ( Azerbaijan) *

Volynka The volynka ( uk, волинка, коза, russian: волынка, crh, tulup zurna – see also duda, and koza) is a bagpipe. Its etymology comes from the region Volyn, Ukraine, where it was borrowed from Romania. The ''volynka'' is c ...

( uk, Волинка), (russian: Волынка) ( Ukraine, Russia) The Hungarian duda (also known as ''tömlősíp'' and ''bőrduda'') is the traditional bagpipe of Hungary. It is an example of a group of

bagpipes Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipes are well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, No ...

called Medio-Carparthian bagpipes. Accounts are conflicting regarding the exact form of the Hungarian bagpipe.Francis M. Collinso
The bagpipe: the history of a musical instrument
Routledge, 1975 , p. 220 Cocks describes it as similar to the Bulgarian one which has a chanter and a bass drone but no tenor drone. Baines (pp. 77-79) gives Hungary as one of the countries possessing the duda, which has this construction, also a Hungarian bagpipe with a diple (i.e., twin-bore) chanter, one bore of which gives a variable drone, the bag pipe having a bass drone in addition. Robert Bright in ''Travels through Lower Hungary''(1818), quoted by Flood (p. 79), describes the Hungarian bagpipe as having two drones and a chanter of square section (in other worlds the Dudelsack). Fraser (p. 243) has a picture of a Hungarian bagpipe with one chanter and one drone of medium length, probably a bass drone. It seems possible that all these forms of the instrument may be in use.

Features

The most characteristic feature of the ''magyar duda'' is the double-bored

chanter The chanter is the part of the bagpipe upon which the player creates the melody. It consists of a number of finger-holes, and in its simpler forms looks similar to a recorder. On more elaborate bagpipes, such as the Northumbrian bagpipes or the ...

. One chanter bore, the ''dallamsíp'' ("

melody A melody (from Greek language, Greek μελῳδία, ''melōidía'', "singing, chanting"), also tune, voice or line, is a Linearity#Music, linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most liter ...

pipe"), plays the melody within an

octave In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...

range. The second chanter, the ''kontrasíp'' or ''kontra'' ("contra pipe") has a single finger hole and sounds either the lowest note on the melody pipe or drops to the dominant (i.e., on a pipe in A it sounds either A or E). Hungarian piping is characterized by use of the ''kontra'' to provide rhythmic accompaniment and to vary the

drone Drone most commonly refers to: * Drone (bee), a male bee, from an unfertilized egg * Unmanned aerial vehicle * Unmanned surface vehicle, watercraft * Unmanned underwater vehicle or underwater drone Drone, drones or The Drones may also refer to: ...

sound. The melody pipe has a " flea hole", a common feature in Eastern bagpipes: the top hole on the chanter is very small and uncovering it raises the pitch of any other note by approximately a semitone, making the Hungarian pipe largely

chromatic Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, ...

over its range (it lacks a major seventh). In some historic examples, the ''magyar duda'' was tuned with a neutral (i.e., between the major and the minor in pitch) third and sixth and the flea hole was filled in with wax. There is considerable variation in physical appearance of the ''duda'' in Hungary, but the most common form has a

stock in the form of an animal’s head (usually that of a goat-like animal) and a cow horn bell on both the ''kontra'' and the drone. Historically the bag was often made from

dog skin The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is Domestication of the dog, derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's n ...

(leading to a popular song that stated that prospective bagpipers needed to “go to hell because that’s where the big dogs are from which good bagpipes can be made”), but today goat skin is a much more common material.

Other variations

Other variations of the ''duda'', especially those played along the Slovakian and Croatian borders, have as many as four chanter pipes. In these examples one hand plays the dominant through the octave on one pipe while the other hand plays the tonic through the subdominant on another (in this case the tonic through the subdominant have no chromatic possibilities except through ''half-holing'' since the flea hole is on a separate pipe). If a fourth pipe is added it is a stopped pipe with a thumb hole that sounds the octave when uncovered. (These pipes show the influence of Croatian and Slovakian pipes, both of which commonly have up to four separate chanter bores.)

Hungarian bagpiping

Hungarian bagpiping is characterized in its styling by '' hiccupping'', use of high notes to articulate lower notes, creating a characteristic rhythmic squeaking while the instrument is played. This playing style greatly influenced certain genres of

fiddle A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often a violin. It is a colloquial term for the violin, used by players in all genres, including classical music. Although in many cases violins and fiddles are essentially synonymous, th ...

music in Hungary, and also characterized early church organ music in Hungary: prior to the introduction of organs, the ''duda'' had been used to accompany hymnody in churches.

History

Up until the 1920s the ''duda'' was the preferred instrument at celebrations in much of Hungary. As the Hungarian economy improved and the pastoral lifestyle declined in importance, the lone piper at a country ball or wedding was increasingly replaced by professional Gypsy bands (''cigányzenekar'') that played an urban repertoire on more complex and capable instruments. The Hungarian bagpipe was essentially extinct except in small pockets by the 1950s but was “rescued” as part of the Hungarian folk revival, and is today a very popular instrument among Hungarian

folk bands Folk or Folks may refer to: Sociology * Nation * People * Folklore ** Folk art ** Folk dance ** Folk hero ** Folk music *** Folk metal *** Folk punk *** Folk rock ** Folk religion * Folk taxonomy Arts, entertainment, and media * Folk Pl ...

and their fans.

Béla Bartók Béla Viktor János Bartók (; ; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as H ...

's composition "Bagpipe," from Volume 5 of '' Mikrokosmos'', is a piano piece that imitates the sound of the duda.

Duda folklore

As was the case in much of Europe, bagpipes in Hungary were associated with shepherds and a pastoral lifestyle, and were often used in Christmas scenes to evoke the shepherds of the nativity. At the same time the ''duda'' was associated with the

pagan Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...

lifestyle of the countryside. Aside from the above-mentioned song about bagpipers needing to go to hell, according to

János Manga’s János or Janos may refer to: * János, male Hungarian given name, a variant of John Places * Janos Municipality, a municipality of Chihuahua ** Janos, Chihuahua, town in Mexico ** Janos Biosphere Reserve, a nature reserve in Chihuahua * Janos ...

article ‘Hungarian Bagpipers’ (''Acta ethnographica Academiæ Scientiarum Hungaricæ'' xiv(1–2):1–97) there were many legends about bagpipes that could play themselves when hung from the wall on a nail or about pipers summoned to Witches' Sabbaths to perform for

satanic Satanic may refer to: * Satan * Satanism * ''Satanic'' (2006 film), a 2006 American horror film * ''Satanic'' (2016 film), a 2016 American horror film * Operation Satanic, when the DGSE bombed the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour See also * ...

hosts. Despite these stories, the ''duda'' never received the same sort of official censure in Catholic Hungary that bagpipes did in many Protestant nations.

Recordings

There are a number of excellent recordings of the ''magyar duda'', including CDs from the groups Téka and Muzsikás, the soloist Balázs Istvánfi, and the Magyar Dudazenekar

References

External links

* {{Hungarian Folk Music Bagpipes Hungarian musical instruments