:''The
moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a
junior synonym
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...
of ''
Oreta
''Oreta'' is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1855.
Species
*The ''rosea'' species group
**''Oreta ancora'' Chu and Wang, 1987
**''Oreta andrema'' Wi ...
.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''
Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a
fern genus in the family
Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
[ There are about 300-400 species in the genus.][ Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of fronds. The sori are round, with a peltate ]indusium
A sorus (pl. sori) is a cluster of sporangia (structures producing and containing spores) in ferns and fungi. A coenosorus (plural coenosori) is a compound sorus composed of multiple, fused sori.
Etymology
This New Latin word is from Ancient Gr ...
. The stipes have prominent scales.
Hybridization
Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to:
*Hybridization (biology), the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid
*Orbital hybridization, in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals
*Nu ...
and polyploidy are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these processes. The North American ''Dryopteris'' hybrid complex is a well-known example of speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within ...
via allopolyploid hybridization.
Selected species
The genus has a large number of species. The PPG I classification suggested there were about 400 species;[ , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' listed 328 species and 83 hybrids.][ Some genera sunk into ''Dryopteris'', such as ''Dryopsis'', ''Stenolepia'' and ''Nothoperanema'', are distinguished by other sources.][
*'']Dryopteris abbreviata
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family D ...
''
*'' Dryopteris aemula'' – hay-scented buckler fern
*'' Dryopteris affinis'' – scaly male fern
*'' Dryopteris alpestris''
*'' Dryopteris amurensis''
*'' Dryopteris apicisora''
*'' Dryopteris arguta'' – coastal wood fern
*'' Dryopteris azorica''
*'' Dryopteris backeri''
*'' Dryopteris barbigera''
*'' Dryopteris bissetiana''
*'' Dryopteris blandfordii''
*'' Dryopteris bodinieri''
*''Dryopteris borreri
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of '' Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family D ...
''
*''Dryopteris cambrensis
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
'' – narrow male fern
*'' Dryopteris campyloptera'' – mountain wood fern
*''Dryopteris canaliculata
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...
''
*'' Dryopteris carthusiana'' – narrow buckler fern
*'' Dryopteris caucasica''
*''Dryopteris caudifrons
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
''
*'' Dryopteris celsa'' – log fern
*'' Dryopteris championii''
*''Dryopteris changii
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...
''
*''Dryopteris chapaensis
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
''
*''Dryopteris chinensis
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...
''
*''Dryopteris chrysocoma
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
''
*''Dryopteris cinnamomea
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dr ...
'' – cinnamon wood fern
*''Dryopteris clintoniana
''Dryopteris clintoniana'', commonly known as Clinton's wood fern, is a fern of hybrid origin native to the northern hemisphere. It is a fertile hexaploid, arising as a species by doubling of its chromosome number from a hybrid between ''Dryopte ...
'' – Clinton's wood fern
*'' Dryopteris confertipinna''
*''Dryopteris cordipinna
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
''
*''Dryopteris corleyi
:''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta.
''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
''
*''Dryopteris costalisora''
*''Dryopteris crassirhizoma''
*''Dryopteris crinalis''
*''Dryopteris crispifolia''
*''Dryopteris cristata'' – crested buckler fern
*''Dryopteris cyatheoides''
*''Dryopteris cycadina''
*''Dryopteris cyclopeltiformis''
*''Dryopteris decipiens''
*''Dryopteris dehuaensis''
*''Dryopteris dickinsii''
*''Dryopteris dilatata'' – broad buckler fern
*''Dryopteris discrita''
*''Dryopteris enneaphylla''
*''Dryopteris erythrosa''
*''Dryopteris erythrosora'' – autumn fern
*''Dryopteris expansa'' – northern buckler fern
*''Dryopteris fibrilosa''
*''Dryopteris fibrilosissima''
*'' Dryopteris filix-mas'' – male fern
*''Dryopteris floridana''
*''Dryopteris formosana''
*''Dryopteris fragrans'' – fragrant buckler fern, fragrant wood fern
*''Dryopteris fructuosa''
*''Dryopteris fuscipes''
*''Dryopteris gamblei''
*''Dryopteris goerigiana''
*''Dryopteris goldieana'' – Goldie's wood fern
*''Dryopteris gongboensis''
*''Dryopteris guanchica''
*''Dryopteris gushanica''
*''Dryopteris gushiangensis''
*''Dryopteris gymnophylla''
*''Dryopteris gymnosora''
*''Dryopteris hasseltii''
*''Dryopteris hendersoni''
*''Dryopteris hirtipes''
*''Dryopteris huanganshanensis''
*''Dryopteris hupehensis''
*''Dryopteris hwangii''
*''Dryopteris hypophlebia''
*''Dryopteris immixta''
*''Dryopteris inaequalis''
*''Dryopteris incisolobata''
*''Dryopteris integriloba''
*''Dryopteris integripinnula''
*''Dryopteris intermedia'' – intermediate wood fern
*''Dryopteris junlianensis''
*''Dryopteris juxtaposita''
*''Dryopteris kinkiensis''
*''Dryopteris labordei''
*''Dryopteris lacera''
*''Dryopteris lancipinnula''
*''Dryopteris lepidopoda''
*''Dryopteris lepidorachis''
*''Dryopteris liyangensis''
*''Dryopteris ludoviciana'' – southern wood fern
*''Dryopteris macropholis''
*''Dryopteris manshurica''
*''Dryopteris marginalis'' – marginal wood fern
*''Dryopteris matsumurae''
*''Dryopteris minjiangensis''
*''Dryopteris monticola''
*''Dryopteris montigena''
*''Dryopteris nanpingensis''
*''Dryopteris neolepidopoda''
*''Dryopteris nigropaleacea''
*''Dryopteris nigrosquamosa''
*''Dryopteris nyalamensis''
*''Dryopteris nyingchiensis''
*''Dryopteris odontoloma''
*''Dryopteris oreades'' – mountain male fern
*''Dryopteris pacifica''
*''Dryopteris pallida''
*''Dryopteris paludicda''
*''Dryopteris panda''
*''Dryopteris parasparsa''
*''Dryopteris pedata''
*''Dryopteris peninsulae''
*''Dryopteris podophylla''
*''Dryopteris polita''
*''Dryopteris prosa''
*''Dryopteris pseudo-sikkimensis''
*''Dryopteris pseudoatrata''
*''Dryopteris pseudodontoloma''
*''Dryopteris pseudofibrillosa''
*''Dryopteris pseudomarginata''
*''Dryopteris pseudouniformis''
*''Dryopteris pulcherrima''
*''Dryopteris qandoensis''
*''Dryopteris quatanensis''
*''Dryopteris reflexosquamata''
*''Dryopteris remota'' – scaly buckler fern
*''Dryopteris rigida''
*''Dryopteris rosthornii''
*''Dryopteris sacrosancta''
*''Dryopteris saxifraga''
*''Dryopteris scottii''
*''Dryopteris semipinnata''
*''Dryopteris sericea''
*''Dryopteris serrato-dentata''
*''Dryopteris shensicola''
*''Dryopteris shibipedis''
*''Dryopteris sichotensis''
*''Dryopteris sieboldii''
*''Dryopteris sikkimensis''
*''Dryopteris silaensis''
*''Dryopteris sino-sparsa''
*''Dryopteris sinoerythrosora''
*''Dryopteris sinofibrillosa''
*''Dryopteris sordidipes''
*''Dryopteris sparsa''
*''Dryopteris squamifera''
*''Dryopteris squamiseta''
*''Dryopteris stenolepis''
*''Dryopteris subatrata''
*''Dryopteris subbarbigera''
*''Dryopteris subexaltata''
*''Dryopteris sublacera''
*''Dryopteris sublaeta''
*''Dryopteris submarginata''
*''Dryopteris submontana'' – rigid buckler fern
*''Dryopteris subtriangularis''
*''Dryopteris tarningensis''
*''Dryopteris tenuicula''
*''Dryopteris tenuissima''
*''Dryopteris thibetica''
*''Dryopteris tieluensis''
*''Dryopteris tokyoensis'' – Tokyo wood fern
*''Dryopteris tsangpoensis''
*''Dryopteris tyrrhena''
*''Dryopteris uniformis''
*''Dryopteris varia''
*''Dryopteris venosa''
*''Dryopteris villarii''
*''Dryopteris wallichiana'' – alpine wood fern
*''Dryopteris wenchuanensis''
*''Dryopteris wuyishanensis''
*''Dryopteris yigongensis''
*''Dryopteris yungtzeensis''
*''Dryopteris zayuensis''
File:Dryopteris goldiana.jpg, ''Dryopteris goldieana'', Goldie's fern
File:Dryopteris sieboldii - Atlanta Botanical Garden.JPG, ''Dryopteris sieboldii''
Ecology
''Dryopteris'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Batrachedra, Batrachedra sophroniella'' (which feeds exclusively on ''D. cyatheoides'') and ''Sthenopiseauratus''.
Cultivation and uses
Many ''Dryopteris'' species are widely used as garden ornamental plants, especially ''D. affinis'', ''D. erythrosora'', and ''D. filix-mas'', with numerous cultivars.
''Dryopteris filix-mas'' was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.
Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.
See also
*North American Dryopteris hybrid complex
References
External links
Flora Europaea: ''Dryopteris''
Flora of North America: ''Dryopteris''
Flora of China: ''Dryopteris'' species list
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1335106
Dryopteris,
Fern genera