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A driven shield is a method of
A driven shield is a method of electrical shielding
In electrical engineering, electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing or blocking the electromagnetic field (EMF) in a space with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. It is typically applied to enclosures, for isolat ...
used to protect low-current circuits against leakage current
In electronics, leakage is the gradual transfer of electrical energy across a boundary normally viewed as insulating, such as the spontaneous discharge of a charged capacitor, magnetic coupling of a transformer with other components, or flow of cu ...
. A driven shield is often referred to as a driven guard, especially when applied to PCB traces
A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich struc ...
.
Description
It is used in situations where the tiny leakage of current through the insulating surfaces of a wire or PCB board would otherwise cause error in the measurements or functionality of the device. The basic principle is to protect the sensing wire by surrounding it with a guard conductor that is held at the same voltage as the wire so that no current will flow into or from the wire. This is typically achieved using a voltage buffer/follower that matches the guard voltage to the sensing wire voltage, or in low-voltage differential sensing with aninstrumentation amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier (sometimes shorthanded as in-amp or InAmp) is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifie ...
, the common-mode voltage. The leakage from the shield to other circuit elements is of little concern as it is being sourced from a buffer which has a low output impedance The output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static ( resistance) and dynamic ( reactance), into the load network being connected that is ''internal'' to the electrical source. The ...
.
The technique is used in equipment such as sensitive photomultiplier tubes
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are members of the class of vacuum tubes, more speci ...
, electrostatic sensors, precision low-current measurement, and some medical electrography machines, where leakage current would alter the measurement. Any situation in which the source to be measured has a very high output impedance is vulnerable to leakage current and if sufficient insulation is not practical then a driven shield may be required. Coaxial cable is well suited for use as a guard; if electromagnetic shielding
In electrical engineering, electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing or blocking the electromagnetic field (EMF) in a space with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. It is typically applied to enclosures, for isolatin ...
is also required then triaxial cable
Triaxial cable, often referred to as triax for short, is a type of electrical cable similar to coaxial cable, but with the addition of an extra layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath. It provides greater bandwidth and rejection of inte ...
may be used as depending on the type of buffer circuit any noise on the guard may be amplified in the output.
The limiting factor for this method is the input impedance The input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current ( impedance), both static ( resistance) and dynamic ( reactance), into the load network that is ''external'' to the electrical source. The input admittance (the ...
of the voltage buffer, the JFET
The junction-gate field-effect transistor (JFET) is one of the simplest types of field-effect transistor. JFETs are three-terminal semiconductor devices that can be used as electronically controlled switches or resistors, or to build amplifier ...
or CMOS op-amps typically used may have input impedances of many teraohms
Ohm (symbol Ω) is a unit of electrical resistance named after Georg Ohm.
Ohm or OHM may also refer to:
People
* Georg Ohm (1789–1854), German physicist and namesake of the term ''ohm''
* Germán Ohm (born 1936), Mexican boxer
* Jörg Ohm (born ...
which is sufficient for most applications. Care must also be taken to ensure there are no unexpected paths by which leakage current may bypass the guard as this will defeat the system, and extra care must be taken in the design of the amplifier/buffer circuit to prevent oscillation as the guard, especially if it is used over a coaxial cable, may have a strong capacitive coupling to the sensing wire.
See also
*Electric-field screening
In physics, screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, such as ionized gases (classical plasmas), electrolytes, and charge ...
Weblinks
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Driven guard Magnetoencephalography Radio electronics Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic compatibility