The term Dreissiger (German ''Dreißiger'') (Thirtiers) refers to

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...

intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or a ...

s who left

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and came to the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

in the 1830s to escape

political repression Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereb ...

. In a broader sense, it refers to immigrants from across Germany, and including members of every social and economic class, who immigrated to the US during this period. The French

July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (french: révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or ("Three Glorious ays), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789. It led to the overthrow of King ...

of 1830, the

Hambacher Fest The Hambacher Festival was a German national democratic festival celebrated from 27 May to 30 May 1832 at Hambach Castle, near Neustadt an der Weinstraße, in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The event was disguised as a nonpolitical cou ...

of 1832 and the failure of the Frankfurter Wachensturm of 1833 were followed by restrictions on

press freedom Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exerci ...

and

academic freedom Academic freedom is a moral and legal concept expressing the conviction that the freedom of inquiry by faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy as well as the principles of academia, and that scholars should have freedom to teac ...

. At the instigation of the chancellor of the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...

Prince Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein ; german: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as Klemens von Metternich or Prince Metternic ...

, the ''Central Federal Bureau of Investigations'' (german: Bundeszentralbehörde für Untersuchungen) was set up after the revolt against the reign in the

Free City of Frankfurt For almost five centuries, the German city of Frankfurt was a city-state within two major Germanic entities: *The Holy Roman Empire as the Free Imperial City of Frankfurt () (until 1806) *The German Confederation as the Free City of Frankfurt ...

by the

States of the German Confederation The states of the German Confederation were member states of the German Confederation, from 20 June 1815 until 24 August 1866. On the whole, its territory nearly coincided with that remaining in the Holy Roman Empire at the outbreak of the French ...

dominated through the

Austrian monarchy The Habsburg monarchy (german: Habsburgermonarchie, ), also known as the Danubian monarchy (german: Donaumonarchie, ), or Habsburg Empire (german: Habsburgerreich, ), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities ...

. Leaders including

Paul Follen Paul Follenius (May 5, 1799 – October 3, 1844) was a German-American attorney and farmer, who had founded the Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft (''Gießen Emigration Society''). Early life He was born at Gießen, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Ger ...

ius and

Friedrich Münch Friedrich Münch (born June 25, 1799, Niedergemünden, Germany – died in 1881, Dutzow, Missouri) was a German-American rationalist, winemaker, Missouri State Senator, and prolific author for German emigrants, beginning in the 1830s. at ''M ...

organized the Giessen Emigration Society to help Germans move to a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic." The Dreissiger were generally more cautious than the later

forty-eighters The Forty-Eighters were Europeans who participated in or supported the Revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe. In the German Confederation, the Forty-Eighters favoured unification of Germany, a more democratic government, and guarantees of human r ...

, who immigrated to the US after the failed European

revolutions of 1848 The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in Europea ...

. The more liberal of the Dreissiger formed societies dedicated to supporting equality and justice, but the more conservative

Catholic Germans , native_name_lang = de , image = Hohe_Domkirche_St._Petrus.jpg , imagewidth = 200px , alt = , caption = Cologne Cathedral, Cologne , abbreviation = , type = Nati ...

were uncomfortable with this activism.

Notable German Dreissiger in the US

(1799–1844), attorney and farmer, founder of the ''Giessen Emigration Society'' (german: Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft) *

(1799-1881), pastor, vintner, politician and author *

Gustav Bunsen Gustav, Gustaf or Gustave may refer to: *Gustav (name), a male given name of Old Swedish origin Art, entertainment, and media * ''Primeval'' (film), a 2007 American horror film * ''Gustav'' (film series), a Hungarian series of animated short cart ...

(1804–1836), surgeon, leader of the Frankfurter Wachensturm, killed in action in the Texas War of Independence *

Theodor Engelmann Theodor is a masculine given name. It is a German form of Theodore. It is also a variant of Teodor. List of people with the given name Theodor * Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969), German philosopher * Theodor Aman, Romanian painter * Theodor Blueger, ...

(1808–1889), lawyer, journalist and newspaper publisher *

Gustav Koerner Gustav Philipp Koerner, also spelled Gustave or Gustavus Koerner (20 November 1809 – 9 April 1896), was a German-American revolutionary, journalist, lawyer, politician, judge and statesman in Illinois and Germany, and a Colonel of the U.S. Arm ...

(1809–1896), attorney and judge, Brig. General, diplomat and statesman, journalist *

Ferdinand Lindheimer Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (May 21, 1801 – December 2, 1879) was a German Texan botanist who spent his working life on the American frontier. In 1936, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark number 1590 was placed on Lindheimer's grave. Biography Ear ...

(1801–1879),

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

(''Father of Texas Botany''), journalist and newspaper publisher

References

{{reflist, 1, refs= {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tC9d4JVvefIC&pg=PA144 , page=144 , title=Ohio: the history of a people , author=Andrew Robert Lee Cayton , publisher=Ohio State University Press , year=2002 , ISBN=0-8142-0899-1 {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQFKJiiaE6IC&pg=PA9 , page=9 , title=St. Louis Germans, 1850-1920: the nature of an immigrant community and its relation to the assimilation process , author=Audrey L. Olson , publisher=Ayer Publishing , year=1980 , ISBN=0-405-13447-9 {{cite web , url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pnd01 , title=Dreissiger , publisher= Texas State Historical Association , accessdate=2010-10-25 1830s in Germany German-American history German American Liberalism in the United States