History
The drag crisis was observed in 1905 byExplanation
The drag crisis is associated with a transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow adjacent to the object. For cylindrical structures, this transition is associated with a transition from well-organized vortex shedding to randomized shedding behavior for super-critical Reynolds numbers, eventually returning to well-organized shedding at a higher Reynolds number with a return to elevated drag force coefficients. The super-critical behavior can be described semi-empirically using statistical means or by sophisticated computational fluid dynamics software (CFD) that takes into account the fluid-structure interaction for the given fluid conditions using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) that includes the dynamic displacements of the structure (DLES) 1 These calculations also demonstrate the importance of the blockage ratio present for intrusive fittings in pipe flow and wind-tunnel tests. The critical Reynolds number is a function of turbulence intensity, upstream velocity profile, and wall-effects (velocity gradients). The semi-empirical descriptions of the drag crisis are often described in terms of a Strouhal bandwidth and the vortex shedding is described by broad-band spectral content.References
Additional reading
# Fung, Y.C. (1960). "Fluctuating Lift and Drag Acting on a Cylinder in a Flow at Supercritical Reynolds Numbers," J. Aerospace Sci., 27 (11), pp. 801–814. # Roshko, A. (1961). "Experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at very high Reynolds number," J. Fluid Mech., 10, pp. 345–356. # Jones, G.W. (1968). "Aerodynamic Forces on Stationary and Oscillating Circular Cylinder at High Reynolds Numbers," ASME Symposium on Unsteady Flow, Fluids Engineering Div. , pp. 1–30. # Jones, G.W., Cincotta, J.J., Walker, R.W. (1969). "Aerodynamic Forces on Stationary and Oscillating Circular Cylinder at High Reynolds Numbers," NASA Report TAR-300, pp. 1–66. # Achenbach, E. Heinecke, E. (1981). "On vortex shedding from smooth and rough cylinders in the range of Reynolds numbers 6x103 to 5x106," J. Fluid Mech. 109, pp. 239–251. # Schewe, G. (1983). "On the force fluctuations acting on a circular cylinder in crossflow from subcritical up to transcritical Raynolds numbers," J. Fluid Mech., 133, pp. 265–285. # Kawamura, T., Nakao, T., Takahashi, M., Hayashi, T., Murayama, K., Gotoh, N., (2003). "Synchronized Vibrations of a Circular Cylinder in Cross Flow at Supercritical Reynolds Numbers", ASME J. Press. Vessel Tech., 125, pp. 97–108, DOI:10.1115/1.1526855. # Zdravkovich, M.M. (1997). Flow Around Circular Cylinders, Vol.I, Oxford Univ. Press. Reprint 2007, p. 188. # Zdravkovich, M.M. (2003). Flow Around Circular Cylinders, Vol. II, Oxford Univ. Press. Reprint 2009, p. 761. # Bartran, D. (2015). "Support Flexibility and Natural Frequencies of Pipe Mounted Thermowells," ASME J. Press. Vess. Tech., 137, pp. 1–6, DOI:10.1115/1.4028863 # Botterill, N. ( 2010). "Fluid structure interaction modelling of cables used in civil engineering structures," PhD dissertation (http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/11657/), University of Nottingham. # Bartran, D. (2018). "The Drag Crisis and Thermowell Design", J. Press. Ves. Tech. 140(4), 044501, Paper No: PVT-18-1002. DOI: 10.1115/1.4039882.External links
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Drag Crisis Drag (physics) Fluid dynamics