DNA-binding proteins from starved cells (DPS) are

bacterial Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

proteins that belong to the

ferritin Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including archaea, bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animals. It is the primary ' ...

superfamily and are characterized by strong similarities but also distinctive differences with respect to "canonical"

s. DPS proteins are part of a complex bacterial defence system that protects DNA against

oxidative damage Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal r ...

and are distributed widely in the bacterial kingdom.

Description

DPS are highly symmetrical dodecameric proteins of 20 kDa characterized from a shell-like structure of 2:3 tetrahedral symmetry assembled from identical subunits with an external diameter of ~ 9 nm and a central cavity of ~ 4.5 nm in diameter. Dps proteins belong to the

superfamily and the DNA protection is afforded by means of a double mechanism: The first was discovered in ''

Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus ''Escher ...

'' Dps in 1992 and has given the name to the

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

family; during stationary phase, Dps binds the

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

non-specifically, forming a highly ordered and stable dps- DNA co-crystal within which chromosomal DNA is condensed and protected from diverse damages. The lysine-rich N-terminus is required for self-aggregation as well as for Dps-driven

DNA condensation DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules ''in vitro'' or ''in vivo''. Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surp ...

. The second mode of protection is due to the ability of Dps proteins to bind and oxidize Fe(II) at the characteristic, highly conserved intersubunit

ferroxidase Ferroxidase also known as Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidization of iron II to iron III: : 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 ⇔ 4 Fe3+ + 2H2O Examples Human genes encoding proteins with ferroxidase activity include: * C ...

center. The dinuclear ferroxidase centers are located at the interfaces between subunits related by 2-fold symmetry axes. Fe(II) is sequestered and stored in the form of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide mineral, which can be released after reduction. In the mineral iron core up to 500 Fe(III) can be deposited. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe²⁺ ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction (reaction I): 2 Fe²⁺ + H₂O₂ + 2 H⁺ = 2 Fe³⁺ + 2 H₂O Dps also protects the cell from UV and

gamma ray A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically ...

irradiation, iron and copper toxicity, thermal stress and acid and base shocks. Also shows a weak catalase activity.

DNA condensation

Dps dodecamers can condense DNA ''in vitro'' through a cooperative binding mechanism. Deletion of portions of the N-terminus or mutation of key lysine residues in the N-terminus can impair or eliminate the condensation activity of Dps. Single molecule studies have shown that Dps-DNA complexes can get trapped in long-lived metastable states that exhibit hysteresis. Because of this, the extent of DNA condensation by Dps can depend not only on the current buffer conditions but also on the conditions in the past. A modified

Ising model The Ising model () (or Lenz-Ising model or Ising-Lenz model), named after the physicists Ernst Ising and Wilhelm Lenz, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent ...

can be used to explain this binding behavior.

Expression

In ''

'' Dps protein is Induced by rpoS and IHF in the early stationary phase. Dps is also Induced by oxyR in response to oxidative stress during exponential phase. ClpXP probably directly regulate proteolysis of dps during exponential phase. ClpAP seems to play an indirect role in maintaining ongoing dps synthesis during stationary phase

Applications

For nanoparticle synthesis

Cavities formed by Dps and

proteins have been successfully used as the reaction chamber for the fabrication of metal

nanoparticles A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is usually defined as a particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or fibers and tubes that are less than 1 ...

(NPs). Protein shells served as a template to restrain particle growth and as a coating to prevent coagulation/aggregation between NPs. Using various sizes of protein shells, various sizes of NPs can be easily synthesized for chemical, physical and bio-medical applications.

For enzyme encapsulation

Nature utilizes protein-based architectures to house enzymes within its interior cavity, for example: encapsulin and carboxysomes. Taking inspiration from nature, hollow interior cavity of Dps and ferritin cages have also been used to encapsulate enzymes. Cytochrome C, a hemoprotein with peroxidase-like activity when encapsulated inside Dps cage showed better catalytic activity over broad pH range compared to free enzyme in bulk solution. This behavior was attributed to high local concentration of enzyme inside Dps and unique microenvironment provided by Dps interior cavity.

For targeted drug delivery

Delivery of cargo at intended target site remains major concern for targeted drug delivery owing to presence of biological barriers and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. Furthermore, formation of protein corona around injected nanoparticles is also a topic of interest within the targeted delivery field. Researchers tried to overcome these concerns by using natural bio-distribution of protein cage nanoparticles for cargo delivery. For example, DNA binding protein from nutrient starved cells (Dps) cage was shown to cross glomerular filtration barrier and target renal proximal tubules.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dps (Dna-Binding Proteins From Starved Cells) Iron metabolism DNA-binding proteins