''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family,

Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1858 accepted species. Examples include horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The Sapindaceae occur in tempera ...

. It has a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext ...

in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

, southern

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologica ...

. By far the highest species diversity is in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. The genus is named after Rembert Dodoens, traditionally known as 'Dodonaeus'. They are

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s and small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s growing to tall. The

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

are alternate, simple or pinnate. The

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s are produced in short

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

s. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is a capsule, often with two or three wings. ''Dodonaea'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

e of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species including ''

Aenetus eximia ''Aenetus eximia'' is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from southern Queensland, Australia, to Tasmania. The wingspan is about 70 mm. Adult males are blue-green. Females are green with two spots on each forewing. The hindwings ar ...

'' and ''

Aenetus ligniveren ''Aenetus ligniveren'', the common splendid ghost moth, is a moth in the family Hepialidae. It is found from southern Queensland to Tasmania. The wingspan is 50 mm for males and 70 mm for females. Adult males have green forewings with ...

''.

Systematics

''Dodonaea'' is one of the largest genera in the

, and includes 70 species widely distributed in continental Australia. The only other species of the ''Dodonaea'' widely spread beyond mainland Australia, ''Dodonaea viscosa'', is believed to be one of the world's most greatly disseminated transoceanic plants. The first attempts to distinguish infrageneric categories within genus ''Dodonaea'' were based on leaf morphology, specifically, two sections - ''Eu-Dodonaea'' (simple leaves) and ''Remberta'' (pinnate leaves) were differentiated. Later this sectional classification was expanded by Bentham, who included 39 species in five series - four simple-leaved series further divided on capsule-appendage morphology (series ''Cyclopterae, Platypterae, Cornutae and Apterae'') and one pinnate-leaved species (series ''Pinnatae''). Later the genus has been reviewed extensively two times. Radlkofer identified ''Dodonaea'' as a part of the tribe ''Dodonaeeae'', within ''Dyssapindaceae'', together with ''Loxodiscus, Diplopeltis'' and ''Distichostemon''. ''Dodonaea'' and ''Distichostemon'' share similar morphological characteristics which include plants having regular flowers without petals and an intrastaminal disc. Therefore, these two genera are considered to be closely related. 54 ''Dodonaea'' species identified by Radlkofer were divided into three series (''Cyclopterae, Platypterae'' and ''Aphanopterae'') and six subseries. As classifiers were taken the presence or absence of an

aril An aril (pronounced ), also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. An arillode or false aril is sometimes distinguished: whereas an aril grows from the attachment point of the see ...

and leaves’ glandular structures. Another revision of the genus was proposed by West, where ''Dodonaea'' were divided into six species groups by using a combination of characters. Species with the most primitive characters were classified in Group 1 and Group 6 included plants with the most derived states. For instance, the character of an aril possession was recognized as a derived trait. The most recent molecular study of

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

relationships within the genus revealed some discrepancy with the previously stated hypotheses of morphological

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

within ''Dodonaea'' which classified taxa by the combination of

leaf A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...

, capsule and

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

characters. As in preceding morphological research, species with compound leaves were identified in several

clades A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, t ...

, interspersed among species with simple leaves (e.g. ''D. humilis'' is the only species in Clade I with imparipinnate leaves). The breeding system has great variation across the phylogeny, and although most species are

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

, sometimes some species may differ from this state being

monoecious Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. Monoecy is conne ...

. Most genera in ''Sapindaceae'' are dioecious, however, most closely related to ''Dodonaea'' in the phylogeny (''Diplopeltis, Diplopeltis stuartii'' and ''Cossinia'') are monoecious. It has also been reported that whereas normally breeding system in ''Harpullia'' is dioecism, a few species have also been recognized as monoecious. It was stated that during evolution a general breeding-system across the phylogeny was dioecism, however, the polygamous state was intermediate or, might be partially reversible. Molecular data supports an evidence that monophyly of ''Dodonaea'' includes all species of ''Distichostemon''. It is also supported by the morphological characters as synapomorphies of flowers with reduced petal number and with a highly reduced intrastaminal disk, the trait which is absent in staminate flowers. Both West and Radlkofer used an

presence or absence as a character to define species groups. All the main

of ''Dodonaea'' and also two species of ''Diplopeltis'' have small funicular arils. Seeds of D. viscosa have very small funicular aril, and are harvested by Pheidole sp. of ants and deposited in middens outside the nest after the elaiosome has been consumed. Bayesian MCMC estimation of ''Dodonaea''

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

supported the hypothesis that two species of ''Cossinia'' are sisters to ''Diplopeltis'' and ''Dodonaea''. Nevertheless, Diplopeltis is identified as a

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

group. The

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...

of ''Dodonaea'' is well supported by Bayesian MCMC estimation (1.00

posterior probability The posterior probability is a type of conditional probability that results from updating the prior probability with information summarized by the likelihood via an application of Bayes' rule. From an epistemological perspective, the posterior p ...

, PP). Within the Clade I (1.00 PP) eight species are recognized as sister to the remaining ''Dodonaea''. ''Distichostemon'' is placed in the Clade II (1.00 PP). The phylogeny of remaining 53 species of ''Dodonaea'' (1.00 PP) is poorly supported (<0.95 PP). ''Dodonaea viscosa'' is placed within the Clade IV being closely related to ''D.biloba, D.procumbens'' and ''D.camfieldii''. It is known that ''D. viscosa'' and ''D. camfieldii'' evolved in Australia from their most recent common ancestor. ''D.viscosa'' is widely distributed in Australia today while ''D. camfieldii'' is restricted to New South Wales. The divergence of these taxa occurred approximately in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (2.7–1.4 Ma, 95% Highest Posterior Density, HPD). The molecular data shows evidence that a monophyletic ''D. viscosa'' includes two species, ''D. procumbens'' and ''D. biloba''. Clade I: ''D. triquetra SE, D. triangularis MT, D. lanceolata MTEr, D. serratifolia SE, D. trifida SW, D. bursariifolia SWSE, D. amblyophylla SW.'' Clade II: ''Distichostemon arnhemicus MT, Distichostemon malvaceus MT, Distichostemon hispidulus var aridus MT, Distichostemon hispidulus var hspidulus MT, Distichostemon dodocandrus MT, Distichostemon barklyanus MT, Distichostemon filamentosus MT.'' Clade III a: ''D. humifusa SW, D. ceratocarpa SW, D. pinifolia SW, D. ericoides SWEr, D. D.ivaricata SW, D. caespitosa SW, D. tepperi SE, D. hexandra SE, D. stenophylla MT,D. pachyneura Er, D. rigidia Er, D. baueri SEEr.'' Clade III b: ''D. platyptera MT, D. adenophora ErSW, D. microzyga Er, D. polyzyga MT, D. physocarpa MT, D. madagascariensis Os, D. stenozyga ErSWSE, D. polyandra MTOs, D. concinna SW, D. larreoides E.'' Clade IV: ''D. vestita MT, D. procumbens SE, D. biloba SE, D. viscosa ErSWSEMTOs, D. camfieldii SE.'' Clade V: ''D. rupicola SE, D. boroniifolia SEMT, D. pinnata SE, D. multijuga SE, D. filiformis SE, D. macrossanii SE, D. oxyptera M.'' Clade VI: ''D. falcata SE, D. peduncularis SEMT, D. filifolia MT, D. uncinata MT, D. hackettiana SW, D. coriacea Er, D. hirsuta SE.'' Clade VII: ''D. truncatiales SE, D. rhombifolia SE, D. megazyga SE, D. tenuifolia SEMT, D. heteromorpha SE, D. inaequifolia SWEr, D. ptarmicaefolia SW, D. lobulata ErSWSE, D. aptera SW, D. intricata SE, D. sinuolata ssp sinuolata SE.''

Species

*'' Dodonaea adenophora'' Miq. *'' Dodonaea amblyophylla'' Diels *'' Dodonaea aptera'' Miq. — coast hop-bush (

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...

) *''

Dodonaea baueri ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' Endl. *'' Dodonaea biloba''J.G.West *''

Dodonaea boroniifolia ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, sout ...

'' G.Don *''

Dodonaea bursariifolia ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, sou ...

'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea caespitosa'' Diels *''

Dodonaea camfieldii ''Dodonaea camfieldii'' is a species of plant in the family Sapindaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a small plant with single or paired flowers and mostly simple leaves. Description ''Dodonaea camfieldii'' is a small, spreading s ...

'' Maiden & Betche *'' Dodonaea ceratocarpa'' Endl. *'' Dodonaea concinna'' Benth. *'' Dodonaea coriacea'' (Ewart & O.B.Davies) McGill. *'' Dodonaea divaricata'' Benth. *''

Dodonaea ericifolia ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' G.Don *'' Dodonaea ericoides'' Miq. *'' Dodonaea falcata''J.G.West *''

Dodonaea filifolia ''Dodonaea filifolia'', commonly known as thread-leaved hop-bush, is a species of shrub endemic to New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. Its fruit is red, suffused with yellow, and grows fro ...

''Hook. *''

Dodonaea filiformis ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' Link *'' Dodonaea glandulosa''J.G.West *'' Dodonaea hackettiana'' W.Fitzg. *'' Dodonaea heteromorpha''J.G.West *'' Dodonaea hexandra'' F.Muell. *''

Dodonaea hirsuta ''Dodonaea hirsuta'' is a species of shrub endemic to New South Wales, and Queensland. Its fruit is red to yellow-red, has three to four wings, and grows from September to December. References External links

* Dodonaea, hirsuta Endemic ...

'' Maiden & Betche *''

Dodonaea hispidula ''Dodonaea hispidula'' is a species of flowering plant in the Dodonaea, hop-bush genus of the Sapindaceae, soapberry family (biology), family. It is native to tropical northern Australia, where it occurs from the Kimberley (Western Australia), K ...

'' Endl. *'' Dodonaea humifusa'' Miq. *'' Dodonaea humilis'' Endl. *'' Dodonaea inaequifolia'' Turcz. *''

Dodonaea intricata ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

''J.G.West – Gawler Ranges hop bush *'' Dodonaea lanceolata'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea larreoides'' Turcz. *'' Dodonaea lobulata'' F.Muell. – lobed-leaved hop-bush, lobed hop-bush, lobed leaf hop bush *'' Dodonaea macrossanii'' F.Muell. & Scort. *''

Dodonaea madagascariensis ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, sout ...

'' Radlk. *''

Dodonaea megazyga ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. *'' Dodonaea microzyga'' F.Muell. *''

Dodonaea multijuga ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, sout ...

'' G.Don. *'' Dodonaea oxyptera'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea pachyneura'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea peduncularis'' Lindl. *''

Dodonaea petiolaris ''Dodonaea petiolaris'' is a shrub species in the genus ''Dodonaea'' found in Australia. Description It is an erect shrub, 1–2(–5) m high living on sandy and loamy soils, on rocky hillsides and ridges. The seed possesses a water gap explain ...

'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea physocarpa'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea pinifolia'' Miq. *'' Dodonaea pinnata'' Sm. *'' Dodonaea platyptera'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea polyandra'' Merr. & L.M.Perry *'' Dodonaea polyzyga'' F.Muell. *''

Dodonaea procumbens ''Dodonaea procumbens'', commonly known as trailing hop bush or creeping hop-bush, is a species of shrub in the genus '' Dodonaea'' found in eastern Australia. It occurs in many places in Australia such as South Australia, New South Wales and Vi ...

'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea ptarmicifolia'' Turcz. *'' Dodonaea rhombifolia'' N.A.Wakef. *''

Dodonaea rigida ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' J.G.West *'' Dodonaea rupicola'' C.T.White *''

Dodonaea serratifolia ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the Sapindus, soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Amer ...

'' McGill. *'' Dodonaea sinuolata'' J.G.West *'' Dodonaea spatulata'' Sm. *'' Dodonaea stenophylla'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea stenozyga'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea subglandulifera''J.G.West *''

Dodonaea tenuifolia ''Dodonaea'' is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants, often known as hop-bushes, in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, sou ...

'' Lindl. *'' Dodonaea tepperi'' F.Muell. ex Tepper *'' Dodonaea triangularis'' Lindl. *'' Dodonaea trifida'' F.Muell. *''

Dodonaea triquetra ''Dodonaea triquetra'', known as common hop bush or large leaf hop bush, is a species of shrub occurring in eastern Australia. The plant genus Dodonaea was named after Dodoens, by Carl Linnaeus. Description It grows as an erect shrub to 3 metr ...

'' J.C.Wendl. *'' Dodonaea truncatiales'' F.Muell. *'' Dodonaea uncinata'' J.G.West *'' Dodonaea vestita'' Hook. *'' Dodonaea viscosa''

Jacq. Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (16 February 172726 October 1817) was a scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany. Biography Born in Leiden in the Netherlands, he studied medicine at Leiden University, then moved first to Par ...

(Pantropical) ** ''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''angustifolia'' (L.f.) J.G.West **''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''angustissima'' (DC.) J.G.West **''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''cuneata'' (Sm.) J.G.West **''Dodonaea viscosa'' subsp. ''viscosa'' Formerly placed here: *''

Combretum caffrum ''Combretum caffrum'' is the Eastern Cape South African bushwillow tree. Biochemistry In ''C. caffrum'', combretastatins A-1, A-4 and B-1 can be found.

References

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2719945 Sapindaceae genera Taxa named by Philip Miller Dioecious plants