In
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, Dirichlet's test is a method of testing for the
convergence
Convergence may refer to:
Arts and media Literature
*''Convergence'' (book series), edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen
*Convergence (comics), "Convergence" (comics), two separate story lines published by DC Comics:
**A four-part crossover storyline that ...
of a
series
Series may refer to:
People with the name
* Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series
* George Series (1920–1995), English physicist
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
* Series, the ordered sets used in ...
. It is named after its author
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (; 13 February 1805 – 5 May 1859) was a German mathematician who made deep contributions to number theory (including creating the field of analytic number theory), and to the theory of Fourier series and ...
, and was published posthumously in the ''
Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées
The ''Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées'' () is a French monthly scientific journal of mathematics, founded in 1836 by Joseph Liouville (editor: 1836–1874). The journal was originally published by Charles Louis Étienne Bachelier. A ...
'' in 1862.
Statement
The test states that if
is a
sequence
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is calle ...
of
real number
In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measure a ''continuous'' one-dimensional quantity such as a distance, duration or temperature. Here, ''continuous'' means that values can have arbitrarily small variations. Every real ...
s and
a sequence of
complex number
In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation i^= -1; every complex number can be expressed in the form ...
s satisfying
*
is
monotonically decreasing
In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order ...
heorem 1: Let an ≥ 0 be a decreasing sequence
*
* for every positive integer ''N''
where ''M'' is some constant, then the series
converges.
Proof
Let and .
From summation by parts
In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformati ...
, we have that . Since is bounded by ''M'' and , the first of these terms approaches zero, as .
We have, for each ''k'', . But, if is decreasing,
which is a telescoping sum
In mathematics, a telescoping series is a series whose general term t_n can be written as t_n=a_n-a_, i.e. the difference of two consecutive terms of a sequence (a_n).
As a consequence the partial sums only consists of two terms of (a_n) after c ...
, that equals and therefore approaches as . Thus, converges. And, if is increasing,
which is again a telescoping sum, that equals and therefore approaches as . Thus, again, converges.
So, the series converges, by the absolute convergence
In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite. More precisely, a real or complex series \textstyle\sum_^\infty a_n is s ...
test. Hence converges.
Applications
A particular case of Dirichlet's test is the more commonly used alternating series test
In mathematical analysis, the alternating series test is the method used to show that an alternating series is convergent when its terms (1) decrease in absolute value, and (2) approach zero in the limit.
The test was used by Gottfried Leibniz a ...
for the case
Another corollary is that converges whenever is a decreasing sequence that tends to zero.
Improper integrals
An analogous statement for convergence of improper integrals is proven using integration by parts. If the integral of a function ''f'' is uniformly bounded over all intervals,
and ''g'' is a monotonically decreasing non-negative function, then the integral of ''fg'' is a convergent improper integral.
Notes
References
* Hardy, G. H., ''A Course of Pure Mathematics'', Ninth edition, Cambridge University Press, 1946. (pp. 379–380).
* Voxman, William L., ''Advanced Calculus: An Introduction to Modern Analysis'', Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1981. (§8.B.13–15) .
External links
PlanetMath.org
{{Calculus topics
Convergence tests