Rewards for the death of Ponciano Elofre

Ponciano Elofre (sometimes spelled Ponciano Elopre), later called ( Hiligaynon for "Tornado/Whirlwind God"), was a (head) of a in

Zamboanguita Zamboanguita ( ceb, Lungsod sa Zamboanguita; tl, Bayan ng Zamboanguita), officially the Municipality of Zamboanguita, is a 4th class municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Negros Oriental, Philipp ...

Negros Oriental Negros Oriental ( ceb, Sidlakang Negros; tl, Silangang Negros), officially the Province of Negros Oriental, is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Dumaguete. It occupies the southeaste ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, and the leader of a politico-religious revolt on

Negros Negros is the fourth largest and third most populous island in the Philippines, with a total land area of . Negros is one of the many islands of the Visayas, in the central part of the country. The predominant inhabitants of the island region a ...

in the late 19th century against the

Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance peoples, Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of National and regional identity in Spain, national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex Hist ...

Revolutionary activities

Elofre began his revolt when, as , he failed to collect all the taxes from his constituents. Spanish soldiers beat his father, Cris Elofre, to death in order to teach him a lesson. Thereafter, he rallied the people against the forced payment of taxes. Later, he included

religious freedom Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom ...

as part of his agenda, and directed the celebration of the ancient rites of the ''

babaylan Filipino shamans, commonly known as (also ''Balian'' or , among many other names), were shamans of the various ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Philippine islands. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the spir ...

'' (ancient Visayan

shaman Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritu ...

), a revival of the

religious Religion is usually defined as a social system, social-cultural system of designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morality, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sacred site, sanctified places, prophecy, prophecie ...

leader of the pre-Spanish era. He and his followers were later called the , which numbered about 2,000. Elofre reputedly dressed in female clothing and was said to be

effeminate Effeminacy is the embodiment of traits and/or expressions in those who are not of the female sex (e.g. boys and men) that are often associated with what is generally perceived to be feminine behaviours, mannerisms, styles, or gender roles, rather ...

in the same manner as ancient '' asog'' shamans.

Death

The activities of Elofre so alarmed the Spanish colonial government that Governor-General

Valeriano Weyler Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí, 1st Marquess of Tenerife (17 September 1838 – 20 October 1930) was a Spanish general and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and Cuba, and later as S ...

sent 500 men of the and a battleship to Negros to deal with the threat. On August 22, 1887, Elofre raided

Siaton Siaton ( ceb, Lungsod sa Siaton; tl, Bayan ng Siaton), officially the Municipality of Siaton, is a 1st class municipality and the southernmost settlement in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a po ...

, the town adjoining Zamboanguita, and was killed in the encounter with colonial forces. His wife, Flaviana Tubigan, continued the revolt, but lacked her husband's charm and charisma. She was succeeded by Ka Martin de la Cruz, of Tolong in southern

, Elofre's lieutenant, but his command of the degenerated into banditry. When the Spanish authorities failed in their bid to capture him, on September 11, 1893, de la Cruz was killed in a trap laid by his own mistress, Alfonsa Alaidan. The remaining Buhawi followers, conjectures Modesto P. Sa-onoy, were later recruited by

Papa Isio Dionisio Magbuelas (20 March 1846 - 1911), Dionisio Seguela or Dionisio Papa y Barlucia, more widely known as Papa Isio (Hiligaynon language, Hiligaynon: ''Isio the Pope''), was the leader of a group of ''babaylanes'' who were, as conjecture ...

when he began to organize his own group of in another revolt against Spain.Calma, Ma. Cecilia C. and Concepcion, Diana R.: ''The Revolution in Negros.'', Raison D'Etre,

University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...

Research Planning and Development Office, Bacolod City, 1998

Notes and references

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buhawi, Dios People of the Philippine Revolution Filipino revolutionaries Paramilitary Filipinos People from Negros Oriental 1887 deaths Year of birth missing Visayan people

Revolutionary activities

Death

See also

Notes and references