''Digitalis davisiana'' is a species of

foxglove ''Digitalis'' ( or ) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and Biennial plant, biennials, commonly called foxgloves. ''Digitalis'' is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Afric ...

, a

herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

in the genus ''

Digitalis ''Digitalis'' ( or ) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and biennials, commonly called foxgloves. ''Digitalis'' is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Africa. The flowers are tubular in sha ...

'' in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older cl ...

,The Plant List
/ref>Brickell, Christopher "The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z of Garden Plants (Volume 1: A-J)", 3rd ed. Copyright 2008 Dorling Kindersley Ltd., London. pp 377 formerly in the

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...

Veronicaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older cl ...

. It is native to

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

Taxonomy

''Digitalis davisiana'' was first scientifically discovered and collected in 1947 by the British botanist

Peter Hadland Davis Peter Hadland Davis FLS, FRSE (18 June 1918 – 5 March 1992) was a British botanist. Life Davis was born on 18 June 1918 in Weston-super-Mare. Initially he was educated at the Nash House, Burnham-on-Sea and then continued his education at Br ...

, who was very active in describing the flora of Turkey, Davis had actually first discovered the species growing on Şandras mountain in Muğla vilayet,

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

, in July,Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns. The Vascular Plant Collection at the Botanische Staatssammlung München. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/vgr4kl accessed via GBIF.org on 2020-11-24. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1099001218 but he collected it again a month later in the mountains north-east of the city of

Alanya Alanya (; ), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city and a district of Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, east of the city of Antalya. As of Turkey's 2010 census, the city had a population of ...

, in Antalya vilayet. Although the specimens were initially tentatively determined to be ''D. ambigua'' (now considered to be

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

of ''D. grandiflora''), it was thence described as an entirely new species by another British botanist, Vernon Hilton Heywood, in 1949, designating a specimen from Davis' second collection, now housed in the Kew Herbarium, as the

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several ...

. Heywood coined the

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''davisiana'' in honour of its discoverer. In 1965, in the last full

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

of the genus ''

'', the German botanist classified this species in the

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

''Grandiflorae'', along with the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

''D. grandiflora'', as well as ''D. atlantica'' and ''D. ciliata''. Heywood also called it the section ''Macranthae''. These were distinguished by being herbaceous species with bell-shaped, ochre to yellow flowers with short

pedicels In botany, a pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence. Such inflorescences are described as ''pedicellate''. Description Pedicel refers to a structure connecting a single flower to its inflorescence. In the absenc ...

to one side of the scape. Later molecular studies into the

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

of the genus found that ''D. davisiana'' was correctly placed within this section, but that it should also contain the species ''D. lutea'' and ''D. viridiflora'' from the section ''Tubiflorae''. In this study the section ''Grandiflorae'' was redefined as being

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

biennial Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years. In particular, it can refer to: * Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and th ...

, herbaceous, sparsely

pubescent The adjective pubescent may describe: * people or animals undergoing puberty * plants that are hairy, covered in trichomes * insects that are covered in setae In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a ...

, leaves more or less smooth to the touch, and with flowers in one-sided

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

s with short pedicels, a corolla which is bell-shaped or

ventricose Ventricose is an adjective describing the condition of a mushroom, gastropod or plant that it is "swollen, distended, or inflated especially on one side". Mycology In mycology, ventricose is a condition in which the cystidia, lamella or stipe of a ...

, ochre to yellow and with dark veins on the lower part.

Description

''Digitalis davisiana'' is a perennial plant which flowers in early summer. It grows up to 70 cm (28 in) tall, and 30 cm (12 in) wide. *Leaves: Mid-green, finely toothed, hairless (

glabrous Glabrousness (from the Latin ''glaber'' meaning "bald", "hairless", "shaved", "smooth") is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of ...

), linear lance-shaped leaves to 7–12 cm (3–5 in) in length. *Flowers: Flowers are borne in loose racemes and are pale yellow, with orange veins. They measure 3–4 cm (1.25-1.5 in) in length.

Distribution

It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to southern

(Asiatic

), where it occurs in the mountains to the north of the city of

. It was first found between Durbanas and Derinji in Antalya vilayet, as well as Şandras mountain (''Şandras Dağ'') and possibly elsewhere in Muğla vilayet. It has also been collected in the Geyik Mountains (''Geyik Daglari''), part of the Central Taurus Mountains (''Orta Toroslar'').

Ecology

''Digitalis davisiana'' was originally collected at approximately 1,000 metres in altitude in a forest of black pine (''

Pinus nigra ''Pinus nigra'', the Austrian pine or black pine, is a moderately variable species of pine, occurring across Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to the eastern Mediterranean, on the Anatolian peninsula of Turkey, Corsica and Cyprus, as wel ...

''). It has also been collected at approximately 900 metres in altitude. It has furthermore been recorded near Demirtaş, growing on rocky

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

slopes in somewhat open forests of Turkish pine (''

Pinus brutia ''Pinus brutia'', commonly known as the Turkish pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey. Turkish pine is also known by several other common names: Calabrian pine (from a naturalis ...

'') at 840 to 860 metres in altitude, in association with the other regional endemics: '' Bupleurum subuniflorum'', '' Cephalaria isaurica'', '' Ferulago isaurica'', '' Peucedanum isauricum'' and '' Origanum saccatum''.

Uses

Horticulture

It grows in climates to UK zone 8. It is susceptible to leaf spot and

powdery mildew Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of ascomycete fungi in the order Erysiphales. Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant diseases to identify, as ...

. It is grown in a number of

botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...

s, such as the

Botanischer Garten Jena The Botanischer Garten Jena (4.5 hectares) is the second oldest botanical garden in Germany, maintained by the University of Jena and located at Fürstengraben 26, Jena, Thuringia, Germany. It is open daily; an admission fee is charged. The g ...

, the

Jardin Botanique de Montréal The Montreal Botanical Garden (french: link=no, Jardin botanique de Montréal) is a large botanical garden in Montreal, Quebec, Canada comprising of thematic gardens and greenhouses. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2008 ...

, the

Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth The Ökologisch-Botanischer Garten der Universität Bayreuth (16 hectares) is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Bayreuth. It is located at Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany, and open daily except Saturday. The ga ...

and the

Bergianska trädgården The Bergianska trädgården, the Bergian Garden or Hortus Bergianus, is a botanical garden located in the Frescati (Stockholm), Frescati area on the outskirts of Stockholm, close to the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the main campus of Stock ...

.Telenius A, Shah M (2016). SBT-Living. GBIF-Sweden. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/u8bzai accessed via GBIF.org on 2020-11-24. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1065295455

Conservation

According to a study of the Turkish endemic species of Muğla vilayet, ''Digitalis cariensis'' was assessed as '

least concern A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. T ...

' in the 2000 ''Red Data Book of Turkish Plants''; this was updated to the version 3.1

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

Red List Categories of 2001 (also 'least concern') in the study.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15317214 davisiana Flora of Turkey Plants described in 1949