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''Dieu'' ("God", 1891) is a long religious epic by
Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...
, parts of which were written between 1855 and 1862. It was left unfinished, and published after his death. When it was rejected by his publisher in 1857, Hugo tried to integrate it into ''Petites Epopées'' (later ''
La Légende des siècles ''La Légende des siècles'' (English: ''The Legend of the Ages'') is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, conceived as an immense depiction of the history and evolution of humanity. Written intermittently between 1855 and 1876 while Hugo worked ...
''), eventually announcing that it would form a companion work, along with ''
La Fin de Satan ''La Fin de Satan'' ("The End of Satan", 1886) is a long religious epic by Victor Hugo, of which 5,700 lines were written between 1854 and 1862, but left unfinished and published after his death. When it was rejected by his publisher in 1857, Hugo ...
''. He had stopped work entirely by 1862, and while the result is fairly coherent, it is less complete than either of the other works, lacking even opening lines.


Argument

The first part is entitled ''Ascension dans les Ténèbres'' ("Ascent into the Shadows") or ''Le Seuil du gouffre'' ("The Threshold of the Abyss"). The poet encounters a being which identifies itself as the Human Spirit: an embodiment of mediocrity, middlingness, of humanity ''en masse''. After the spirit questions him on his motives for coming to this place, the narrator calls out into the void, and soon believes he can make out a multitude of indistinct faces blocking out the depths, from which he hears mysterious voices, possibly demonic, which provide worldly, agnostic, "sensible" advice at great length, and advise the human poet not to bother with ultimate questions ("''L'absolu vous ignore. Ignorez-le.''") When he reacts with indignation and despair, they respond with inscrutable laughter. The second part, ''Dieu'' or ''L’Océan d’en haut'' ("The Ocean from Above"), depicts various religious and anti-religious points of view as beasts and animals, each emerging from the shadows to state its case. * Atheism: the Bat * Scepticism: the Owl * Manichaeism: the Crow * Paganism: the Vulture * Mosaism: the Eagle * Christianity: the Gryphon * Rationalism: the Angel * "What Still Has No Name": the Light The third part, ''Le Jour'' ("Day"), is mostly unwritten and very brief, and concludes the work with the poet accepting an offer of enlightenment — which entails instant death.


Development

A first draft, ''Solitudines Cæli'', consisting of part of ''L’Océan d’en haut'', was read to family and friends in early May 1855, the intention being to include it in ''
Les Contemplations ''Les Contemplations'' (''The Contemplations'') is a song and collection of poetry by Victor Hugo, published in 1856. It consists of 156 poems in six books. Most of the poems were written between 1841 and 1855, though the oldest date from 1830. M ...
''. According to the diary of Adèle Hugo, Vacquerie discouraged this idea, and when ''Les Contemplations'' was published it advertised ''Dieu'' as a separate work to come. On 7 June 1856, Hugo wrote to Enfantin that he had almost finished it, but would wait a while before publishing, on the grounds that it was too soon after his previous work. "I should like, God granting me the strength, to transport the rabble to the tops of certain peaks; not that I deceive myself as to whether the air is breathable for them. I want to give them a rest before imposing a new ascension." On 2 July, he was again dissuaded, and was asked by friends for some sort of prose work. Over the next few years he occasionally pondered the appropriate time for the publication of ''Dieu''; around 1868-9 he made serious efforts to arrange the matter, but in August 1870, before returning to France, he entrusted the manuscript to a bank in Guernsey, and it was not retrieved until 1875. From that point onwards it was hardly referred to. The reasons for this abandonment are unclear, as he never changed his mind as to its merits, and the subject matter was no more controversial than that of other works.René Journet, Guy Robert. "Pourquoi Victor Hugo n'a-t-il pas publié son poème « Dieu » ?" ''Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises.'' Volume 19 (1967), numéro 19, pp225-231.


References

{{Victor Hugo Poetry by Victor Hugo 1891 poems Poems published posthumously Unfinished poems