Agusan is a

Manobo language The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao (presently called Soccsksargen) and Caraga regions of the Philippines, regions where they are ...

of northeastern

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Distribution and dialects

Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas. *

Agusan del Sur Agusan del Sur, officially the Province of Agusan del Sur ( ceb, Habagatang Agusan; Butuanon: ''Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur''; tl, Timog Agusan), is a province in Caraga region, Mindanao, Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Prosp ...

Province: western area, southeast of

Lake Buluan Lake Buluan is a lake located in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. With an estimated surface area of , it is the third largest lake in Mindanao, after Lake Lanao and Lake Mainit. It has an average elevation of . The lake is sandwiched be ...

*inland areas of

Surigao del Sur Surigao del Sur (Surigaonon language, Surigaonon: ''Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur''; ceb, Habagatang Surigao; tl, Timog Surigao), officially the Province of Surigao del Sur, is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located ...

Province *southwest of Lanuza Peninsula to

Lianga Lianga, officially the Municipality of Lianga ( Surigaonon: ''Lungsod nan Lianga''; tl, Bayan ng Lianga), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,869 p ...

Bay in

Province *western

Agusan del Norte Agusan del Norte, officially the Province of Agusan del Norte ( ceb, Amihanang Agusan; Butuanon: ''Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte''; tl, Hilagang Agusan), is a province in the Caraga region of the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Cabadba ...

Province *

Compostela Valley Davao de Oro, officially the Province of Davao de Oro ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Davao de Oro; tgl, Lalawigan ng Davao de Oro), is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Nabunturan. It used to be part of ...

and

Davao del Norte Davao del Norte ( ceb, Amihanang Dabaw; tl, Hilagang Davao), officially the Province of Davao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes ...

provinces: continuous strip along northern borders *

Surigao del Norte Surigao del Norte ( Surigaonon: ''Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte''; ceb, Amihanang Surigao; Tagalog: ''Hilagang Surigao''), officially the Province of Surigao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao. ...

Province: southern tip, inland *scattered small border areas of

Bukidnon Bukidnon(), officially the Province of Bukidnon ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bukidnon; fil, Lalawigan ng Bukidnon; hil, Kapuroan sang Bukidnon; Binukid and Higaonon: ''Probinsya ta Bukidnon''), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the ...

and

Davao Oriental Davao Oriental ( Cebuano: ''Sidlakang Dabaw''; tl, Silangang Davao), officially the Province of Davao Oriental, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is city of Mati, and it borders the province o ...

provinces Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas. *northern

Province: upper

Agusan River The Agusan River is third longest river in the Philippines, located in the north-eastern part of Mindanao island, draining majority of the Caraga region and some parts of Davao de Oro. It is the country's third largest river (after the Cagayan ...

area *

Province:

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

and Cateel municipalities *

Province: Asuncion municipality (in Manguagan) Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas.

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...

*northern border of

Province *southeast corner of

Province *southern

Province:

Lingig Lingig, officially the Municipality of Lingig, is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 35,142 people. The municipality is around one and a half hour away f ...

(in Rajah Cabungsuan) The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.

Phonology

Consonants

In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position. The glottal stop occurs in all consonant positions. Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except in word-final position. The consonants and are used interchangeably.

Vowels

Agusan has only five vowels, , , , , and . Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of , may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel never occurs next to the consonant .

References

Manobo languages Languages of Agusan del Norte Languages of Agusan del Sur {{GCPhilippine-lang-stub