Diaguita

The Diaguita people are a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest. Western or Chilean Diaguitas lived mainly in the Transverse Valleys which incised in a semi-arid environment. Eastern or Argentine Diaguitas lived in the provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca and part of the provinces of Salta, San Juan and Tucumán. The term ''Diaguita'' was first applied to peoples and archaeological cultures by Ricardo E. Latcham in the early 20th century.

Ancient Diaguitas were not a unified people; the language or dialects used by them seems to have varied from valley to other valleys and they were politically fragmented into several chiefdoms. Coastal and inland Chilean Diaguitas traded, as evidenced by the archaeological findings of mollusc shells in the upper courses of Andean valleys.

According to the 2010 census there are 67,410 self-identified Diaguita descendants in Argentina. In Chile, Diaguitas are the third-most populous indigenous ethnicity after the Aymara and the Mapuche, numbering 88,474 in 2017. The Diaguitas have been recognised as an indigenous people by the Chilean state since 2006.

Language

Early Spanish accounts, including Jerónimo de Vivar's ''Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile'', claim the Diaguitas inhabiting the different Transverse Valleys spoke different languages. Jesuits active in western Argentina also report a large number of languages for the region. Nevertheless, the Chilean Diaguitas scholar Herman Carvajal Lazo claims that they could very well have spoken different dialects instead, which would have differed among each other mainly regarding their lexicon.

Cacán was proposed by Rodolfo Schuller and Ricardo E. Latcham to be the single language of the Diaguitas.Téllez 2008, p. 58. This proposal has been questioned by some scholars but is accepted by others, like Sergio Villalobos.

There is notable scarcity of Diaguita toponimy in Norte Chico, including the area of Elqui Valley where most indigenous toponyms has been attributed to either Quechua or Mapuche.

History

The origin of the Diaguita culture is traced back to an archaeological culture known as El Molle complex which existed from 300 to 700 CE. Later, this culture was replaced in Chile by the Las Ánimas complex that developed between 800 and 1000 CE. It is from this last culture that the archaeological Diaguita culture emerged around 1000 CE. The classical Diaguita period was characterized by advanced irrigation systems and by pottery painted in black, white and red.

Mapuche communities in the southern Diaguita lands – that is Petorca, La Ligua, Combarbalá and Choapa – may be rooted in pre-Hispanic times at least several centuries before the Spanish arrival.Téllez 2008, p. 43. Mapuche toponymy is also found throughout the area. Around Elqui Valley almost all indigenous toponimy belongs either to Quechua or Mapuche. There is no Diaguita (Kakan) toponimy known in the valley. While there was an immigration of Mapuches to the southern Diaguita lands in colonial times, Mapuche culture there is judged to be older than this. Indeed, in 1954 Grete Mostny postulated the idea of a link between Mapuches and the archaeological culture of El Molle.

It has been claimed that the Inca Empire expanded into Diaguita lands because of its mineral wealth. This hypothesis is currently under dispute. Another possibility is that the Incas invaded the relatively well-populated Eastern Diaguita valleys to obtain labor to send to Chilean mining districts. It is generally accepted that Diaguita incorporation into the Inca Empire was through warfare that caused a severe depopulation in the Transverse Valleys of Norte Chico.Ampuero 1978, p. 45. According to scholar Ana María Lorandi the Diaguitas, and specially the Calchaquí Diaguitas, would not have been conquered easily by the Inca Empire. Once conquered, the eastern Diaguitas did not unanimously accept Inca rule. The Incas appointed kurakas and established mitmas in the Chilean Diaguita lands. The Diaguitas took influences from the Incas, adopting pottery designs from Cuzco, and Inca techniques in agriculture and metalworking.

The Chilean Diaguitas were conquered by Spaniards coming from Peru. The eastern Diaguitas lands were explored by Spaniards coming from Chile, the Paraná River and Peru.Montes 1961, p. 86. In what came to be called the Calchaquí Wars, the Spanish initially failed to conquer the fertile valleys inhabited by the Eastern Diaguitas, and could only control the eastern valley ends. By founding the cities of Santiago del Estero (1550s), Tucumán (1565), Salta (1582), La Rioja (1591) and Jujuy (1593) the Spanish established an effective fence around the rebellious Eastern Diaguita valleys. To further dominate the Diaguitas, the city of Londres was founded in 1607 in the middle of the Eastern Diaguita territory.Montes 1961, p. 107.

During the government of García Hurtado de Mendoza in Chile (1557–1561) Chilean Diaguitas that had rebelled were decimated by the Spanish.Montes 1961, p. 102. The Calchaquí Diaguitas of the eastern side of the Andes rose against Spanish rule in 1630 and the last rebels fought until 1642–1643.Montes 1961, pp. 84–85. In this rebellion, the Spanish city of La Rioja came close to being destroyed. The Calchaquí Diaguitas only entered Spanish rule after 1665.

The Diaguita languages in Chile may have been largely lost during a process of miscegenation with Mapuche-speaking populations.

Archaeological chronology in Chile

See also

* Atacameño people
* Chango people
* Mapuche history

References

Bibliography

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Indigenous peoples of the Andes
Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone
Indigenous peoples in Argentina
Salta Province
Ethnic groups in Chile
Ethnic groups in Argentina
Indigenous peoples in Chile
Archaeological cultures of South America