Description
The desert grassland whiptail lizard is a relatively small reptile, whose size ranges from . Desert grassland whiptails are very long and slim, with a thin tail that is longer than their body length. Their distinct identifying feature are the six yellowish lines that run the length of their body. The majority of the whiptail's body tends to be an olive or brown colour that fades to a faint blue or gray on their tail. Comparatively, an adolescent's tail is a very bright and vibrant blue. Their bodies are lined with small coarse scales, which gradually get larger as they approach the tail. The scales on their bellies are much larger in size and are much smoother as well.Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus was unknown until the 1950s to early '60's. A 1958 report confirmed that no male lizards had been discovered in a collection of specimens of ''C. tesselatus''. That very year, parthenogenesis was confirmed in the genus ''Lacerta (genus), Lacerta'' of the family Lacertidae. Soon after, researchers discovered that there were also no males in ''C. exsanguis'', ''C. neomexicanus'', or ''C. velox''. Rather than subsume all cnemidophorine species into a single large genus, Lowe and Wright proposed a split that placed the North American "Cnemidophorus" clade in the monophyletic genus ''Aspidoscelis''. Under this arrangement, South American taxa remain in the genus Cnemidophorus.Habitat
The desert grassland whiptail is mostly found in the deserts of southern to central Arizona and along the Rio Grande river in New Mexico. It is also found in the deserts of northern Mexico. ''A. uniparens'' is commonly found in low valleys, grasslands, and slight slopes. Some have argued that the species' range is expanding due to overgrazing. ''A. uniparens'' are scarce in developed areas, especially where homeowners keep livestock.Hybridization and reproduction
All desert grassland whiptail lizards are female. Their reproduction process does not need male fertilization, although researchers observed pseudo-copulation that promotes fertilization during ovulation. This process involves the alternation between male-typical and female-typical sexual behaviours, driven by progesterone, in both lizards; corresponding to the state of their partner. The lizards reproduce by parthenogenesis and are clones of their mother. Under normal reproductive processes, a species has each chromosome pair separated, copied, and paired back with its Homologous chromosome, counterpart. The desert grassland whiptail lizard, however, has Polyploidy, chromosome triplets where each triplet is paired with its Sister chromatids, copy rather than its counterparts. This reproductive method enables the asexual desert grassland whiptail lizard to have a genetic diversity previously thought to have been unique to sexually reproductive species. The lizards were a result from a cross breed of two bisexual species, ''A. inornata'' and ''A. burti''. This then produced a diploid unisexual, which backcrossed to ''inornata'' and produced triploid ''uniparens''.Food habits
For the most part, the Desert grassland whiptail digs for termites, Queen ants, beetles, and unidentified insects.Eifler DA, Eifler MA (1998) Foraging Behavior and Spacing Patterns of the Lizard ''Cnemidophorus uniparens''. J Herpetol 32:24–33 A smaller portion of their diet includes prey found above ground such as grasshoppers and butterflies.References
Further reading
Lutes, A. A., Neaves, W.B., Baumann, D. P., Wiegraebe, W., Baumann, P. (2010). Sister chromosome pairing maintains heterozygosity in parthenogenetic lizards. nature.com. Web 22 Oct. 2014. Mayer, Greg. (2010). Hybridization and Parthenogenesis in Whiptail Lizards. whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com. Web 23 Oct 2014. Harmon Katherine (2010) No Sex Needed: All-Female Lizard Species Cross Their Chromosomes to Make Babies. www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ Tue 21 Oct 2014. S. C. Woolley, J. T. Sakata D. Crews(2004) Tracing the Evolution of Brain and Behavior Using Two Related Species of Whiptail Lizards: Cnemidophorus uniparens and Cnemidophorus inornatus ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/1/46.full Tue 21 Oct 2014. Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, Christine L. Merrill, Michael R. Loomis, and James F. Wright 2001 TERATOMA IN DESERT GRASSLAND WHIPTAIL LIZARDS (CNEMIDOPHORUS UNIPARENS). www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032%5B0257:TIDGWL%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Tue 21 Oct 2014 {{Authority control Aspidoscelis Reptiles of the United States Reptiles of Mexico Reptiles described in 1965 Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert Fauna of the Sonoran Desert Fauna of the Southwestern United States Taxa named by Charles Herbert Lowe Taxa named by John William Wright (herpetologist) Vertebrate parthenogenesis