Overview
The mythological figures, including deities (Ivatan
Immortals
*Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account;Hornedo, F. H. (1994). Philippine Studies Vol. 42, No. 4: Death and After Death: Ivatan Beliefs and Practices. Ateneo de Manila University. probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the AñituHornedo, F. H. (1980). Philippine Studies Vol. 28, No. 1: The World and The Ways of the Ivatan Añitu. Ateneo de Manila University. *Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu *The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars *Añitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing *Añitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Añitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage *Rirryaw Añitu: place spirit Añitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man *ji Rahet Añitu: a grinning place spirit Añitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Añitu *Nuvwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin *ji P'Supwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live *Mayavusay Añitu: place spirit Añitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation *Cairn-dwelling Añitu: place spirit Añitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home *Mayuray Añitu: a wandering Añitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Añitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings *Dayanak Añitu: a type of very small Añitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortuneMortals
*Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Añitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul *Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Añitu of her husband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers *Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Añitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring *Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Añitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected *Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Añitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old *Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Añitus *Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Añitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center *Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Añitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri *Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Añitus; while being carried by the Añitus, she menstruated, which made the Añitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum ñi TitaIsneg
Immortals
*Chief Spirits: may take the form of human beings, former mortals who mix with the living, and reside in bathing placesVanoverbergh, M. (1941). The Isneg Farmer. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Vol. III, No. 4. **Anlabban: looks after the general welfare of the people; special protector of hunters **Bago: the spirit of the forest **Sirinan: the spirit of the river *Landusan: responsible for some cases of extreme poverty; like all evil spirits, Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb-amulet *Helpful Harvest Spirits **Abad **Aglalannawan **Anat **Binusilan **Dawiliyan **Dekat **Dumingiw **Imbanon **Gimbanonan **Ginalinan **Sibo **llanit: a group of sky dwellers *Spirits Who Harm the Harvest **Alupundan: causes the reapers’ toes to get sore all over and swell **Arurin: deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest **Dagdagamiyan: a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done **Darupaypay: devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary **Ginuudan: comes to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle **Sildado: resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house **Inargay: kills people during harvest time; the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone *Alipugpug: spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field, who portends a good harvest *Pilay: spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the hearth; the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won't get hungry *Unnamed Man: held the world on his hands; produced a spark using a flint and a steel, causing Sal-it (lightning); in contrast, Addug (thunder) is the water roaring in the skyEugenio, D. L. (1989). Philippine Folk Literature: The Folktales. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc.Mortals
*Man Who Caused Birds to Attack: a man who was aided by birds, by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds; reneged on his promise, resulting to the never-ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind *Man Who Hates Flies: a man whose cow was killed by a fly, which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of fliesTinguian (Itneg)
Immortals
*Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms referred also as the Great AnitoPeraren, A. A. (1966). Tinguian Folklore and how it Mirrors Tinguian Culture and Folklife. University of San Carlos. *Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin *Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity *Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity *Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity *Emlang: servant of the supreme deity *Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses *Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing *Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the worldCole, M. C. (1916). Philippine Folk Tales . Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co. *Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married *Bagbagak: father of Gaygayoma *Sinang: mother of Gaygayoma *Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there *Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogsMortals
*Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init *Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already marriedKalinga
Immortals
*Kabunyan: the supreme deity;Lambrecht, F. H. (1981). Ultimate Reality and Meaning: The Kalinga and Ifugaw Universe. UTP Journals. also called Kadaklan (the Greatest), who drives bad spirits away, making the soil suitable for good cropsBarton, R. F. (1949). The Kalingas: Their Institutions and Customs Laws. The University of Chicago Press. *KiDul: the god of thunder *KiLat: the god of lightning *DumaNig: a demon which possesses the moon (Bolan) and causes her to devour her husband the sun (Ageo) *NamBisayunan: the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm *Libo-o d Ngatu: the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness *Maman: beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld; they are perceptible in red light, as on a rainy day near sunset; may cause sickness *Bungun: the god of the rainbow *Mamlindao: hunting spirits *Bulaiyao: live in big rocks, hot springs, and volcanoes; have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off; capture or devour souls **Gulilingob ud Tangob: the strongest of all the bulaiyao *Dumabag: the god of the volcano at Balatok *Lumawig: the local god of the Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan district *Angako d Ngato: demons that afflict with sickness *Angtan: goddesses or demons that depress men, bring worry and bad luck *ALan: cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves *Anitu: the souls of the dead *Pinading: extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence *Gittam: a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans; lives in an island out in a big lake *Python of Gittam: protects the habitat of Gittam; swallowed a boy, who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python *Iyu: water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud; depicted as a whale, an eel, a dragon, or, in some cases, a python also called MalagaIbanag
Immortals
*Makapangwa: The supreme being also known as "Yafu"Marino (1981). Ibanag Indigenous Religious Beliefs: a study in culture and education.Invisible Beings – Y Ari na Masingan
*Aran: Tiny human-like beings that reside in trees, anthills, dark spaces and are neither evil nor good. *Aggirigira: Invisible beings that cause mischief, diseases and misfortunes *Anitu: Ancestor SpiritsMortals
*Biuag: a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amuletEugenio, D. L. (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. University of the Philippines Press. *Malana: a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amuletGaddang
Immortals
*Nanolay: creator of all things; a culture hero and a beneficent deity; never inflicts pain or punishment on the people; responsible for the origin and development of the worldKatutubo: Gaddang of Isabela (2009). National Commission on Culture and the Arts. *Ofag: cousin of Nanolay; personification of evil *Talanganay: a male god-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance *Menalam: a female goddess-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance *Bunag: god of the earthLumicao-Lora, M. L. (1984). Gaddang Literature. New Day Publishers. *Limat: god of the seaMortals
*Biuag: a culture hero; ally of Malana *Malana: a culture hero; ally of Biuag *Magat: a culture hero *Battalan: a culture hero *Bayun: a culture heroBontok
Immortals
*Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above; also referred to as Kabunian;Beyer, H. O. (1913). Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 85–117. father of Lumawig and two other sonsCawed, C. (1972). The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. MCS Enterprises. *Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society *First Son of Kabunian *Third Son of Kabunian *Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat;Jenks, A. (1905). The Bontoc Igorot. Manila: Bureau of Printing. aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse *Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting *Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat *Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world *Chacha’: the god of warriorsCawed, C. (1972). The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. Manila: MCS Enterprises . *Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha’ because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha’, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting *Two Sons of Chacha’: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his workMortals
*Fucan: younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals *Two Sons of Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers *Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in LanaoIfugao
Immortals
*Kabunian: supreme deity and chief among the high ranking deities above the skyworld; also referred to as Mah-nongan, chief god generally referred to as the honorary dead and creator of all things; in specific communities, both the names Mah-nongan and Kabunian (also Afunijon) are understood as the name of one chief deity, while in others, they are used to refer to many deitiesBimmolog, H., Sallong, L., Montemayor, L. (2005). The Deities of the Animistic Religion of Mayaoyao, Ifugao. *Afunijon: also a general term referred to the deities of heaven, which is also called Afunijon *Mah-nongan: also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices *Ampual: the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people; controls the transplanting of rice *Bumingi: in charge of worms, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests *Liddum: the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian; communicates directly with humans on earth; chief mediator between the people and other gods *Lumadab: has the power to dry up the rice leaves, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests *Mamiyo: the stretcher of skeins, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving *Monlolot: the winder of thread on the spindle, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving *Puwok: controls the dread typhoons *Yogyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld *Alyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld *Kolyog: the god of earthquakes *Makalun: spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods *Namtogan: the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful; when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting theMortals
*Dugai: the mortal mother of the split god Ovug; wife of the god Dumagid *Humidhid: the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong *Unnamed Shaman: prayed to the deities, Nabulul and Bugan, to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid *Wife of Namtogan: a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of AhinKalanguya (Ikalahan)
Immortals
*Kabunyan: the almighty creator; also referred to as Agmattebew, the spirit who could not be seen; the mabaki ritual is held in the deity's honor during planting, harvesting, birth and death of the people, and other activities for livelihoodKankanaey
Immortals
*Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life *Bugan: married to Lumawig *Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig *Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig *Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits *Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits *Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits *Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibalsWilson, L. L. (1947). Apayao Life and Legends. Baugio City: Private. *Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothersIbaloi
Immortals
*Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice;Moss, C. R. (1924). Nabaloi Tales. University of California Publications in American Archaeology, 227–353. Kabunian is also the general term for deities *Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse *Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder *Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdëy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up *Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world *Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld *Masekën: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail *Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan *Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat *Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it *Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworldMortals
*Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian *Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder *Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankindBugkalot (Ilongot)
Immortals
*Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growthWilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute. *Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth *Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth *Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel *Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel *Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel *Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat *Gemang: guardian of wild beasts *Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters *Tawen: personification of the sky *Kalao: spirit birds; depicted as red hornbills who guide and protect hunters and their soul *Be’tang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a humanMikkelsen, H. H. (2016). Chaosmology: Shamanism and personhood among the Bugkalot. HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory. *Ga’ek Spirits: spirits in the Ga’ek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to themIlocano
Immortals
*Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many thingsYabes, L. Y. (1932, January). The Tale of a Philippine Gomorrah. Philippine Magazine, p. 405. *Buni: possibly the name of the supreme godLlamzon, Teodoro A. 1978. Handbook of Philippine language groups. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. *Parsua: the creator deity *Primordial Giants **Anglao: also calledMortals
* Lam-ang: an epic hero who journeyed to avenge his father and court Ines Kannoyan; aided by the dog and the rooster, and in some versions, the cat as wellJamias, N. F. (1947).A study on Biag ni Lam-ang, the Ilocano epic. University of the Philippines. *Namongan: mother of Lam-ang *Don Juan: father of Lam-ang *Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang *Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control; his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal; he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support, which eventually led to his deathRahmann, R. (1974). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 2, No. 3: The Horn Motif in Mythology and Folklore with Special Reference to the Philippines. University of San Carlos Publications.Pangasinense
Immortals
*Ama-Gaolay: the supreme deity;Andico, F. L. The Lowland Cultural Community of Pangasinan. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. simply referred as Ama, the ruler of others, and the creator of mankind; sees everything through his aerial abode; father of Agueo and Bulan *Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light *Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves *Apolaqui: a war god; also called Apolaki, his name was later used to refer to the god of Christian converts *Anito: spirits who lurk everywhere; capable of inflicting pain and suffering, or of granting rewards *Gods of the Pistay Dayat: gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the godsMortals
*Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet *Rizal: a culture-hero who, according to tradition, will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedomMojares, R. B. (1974). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 2, No. 3: The Myth of the Sleeping Hero: Three Philippine Cases. University of San Carlos Publications.Sambal
Immortals
*Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator *Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari * Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in Sambal mythology; with Kainomayan, the goddess of plenty, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts *Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest **Dumangan: god of good harvest **Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks **Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry **Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements *Manglubar: the god of peaceful living *Mangalagar: the goddess of good grace *Anitun Tauo: the goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit *Apolaqui: personal deity of a priestessAeta (Agta, Ayta)
Immortals
*Great Creator: the god who created all things; used to come down and talk to people before the great flood; rules the earth through Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas, and BinangewanArbues, L. R. (1960). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 8, No. 1/2: The Negritos as a Minority Group in the Philippines. Philippine Sociological Society. *Gutugutumakkan: the supreme deity, possibly the name of the Great CreatorNoche, D. (2019). A reclamation of one's heritage. Manila Standard. *Apu Namalyari: a deity who lives in Mount Pinatubo; also called Apo Pinatubo and Apo na Malyari; also referred as the supreme deity *Tigbalog: gives life and directs activities *Lueve: directs production and growth *Amas: moves to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart *Binangewan: spirits who bring change, sickness, and death as punishment *Matusalem: the creator's representatives who act as mediators between the creator and humans since after the great flood *Algao: the sun god who battled BacobacoBeyer, H.O. (1915). Philippine Ethnographic Series. *Bacobaco: an ancient turtle who burrowed on top of Mount Pinatubo after its battle with Algao; eruptions occur when it resurfaces *Kedes: god of the hunt *Pawi: god of the forest *Sedsed: god of the seaKapampangan
Immortals
*Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the sun in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavensNicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila. *Daughter of Mechetchay: a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods, leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities; lived on the planet VenusJose, V. R. (1974). Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature. UP . *Wife of Mangetchay: wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the moon *Suku: also called Sinukwan, a gigantic being who radiated positive traitsMallari, J. C. (2009). King Sinukwan Mythology and the Kapampangan Psyche. Coolabah, 3. *Makiling: a goddess who married Suku *Malagu: goddess of beauty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku *Mahinhin: goddess of modesty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku *Matimtiman: goddess of charm who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku *Aring Sinukûan: sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war; lives inMortals
*Piriang: a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor manBurton, J. W. (1977). Filipino Heritage The Making of a Nation Volume 5: Myths Shared With Mexico. Lahing Pilipino Publication. *Guanchiango: a man who was deceived by a demon, who he released from a jarTagalog
Ancient Tagalog deities documented by the Spaniards
*Arao (''Araw'' = sun) – According to Juan de Plasencia, the ancient Tagalogs worshiped theTagalog pantheon from "Notes on Philippine Divinities" by F. Landa Jocano
*Anting-anting pantheon
*Infinito Dios - The highest god and the oldest being from whom everything emanated. The virtue (Birtud/Galing) residing in and empowering the anting-anting and agimat (amulets and talismans). He is also referred to as ''Nuno'' (Ancient One, earth deity), ''Animasola'' (Lonely Soul, air deity), ''Waksim'' (As water deity), and ''Atardar'' (His warrior or protective aspect). He is identified to '' Bathala Maykapal''. *Infinita Dios - The female aspect of the Divine. She is said to be the first emanation of the ''Infinito Dios'' who sprang forth from his mind when he decided to have someone help him in his task of creation. She is also referred to as ''Maria'' (which stands for: ''Maris, Amantisimo, Rexsum, Imperator, Altisima''), ''Gumamela Celis'' (Flower of Heaven), ''Rosa Mundi'' (Flower of the World), and ''Dios Ina'' (God the Mother); she is also identified with ''Inang Pilipinas'' (Mother Philippines) or ''Inang Bayan'' (Motherland) similar toother mythological figures
*Tau-buid Mangyan (Batangan)
Immortals
*Rawtit: the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife, wears a lycra, and has magical power to leap miles in one bound; she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants *Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang platesBuhid Mangyan
Immortals
*Sayum-ay and Manggat: the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees, animals, lakes, rocks, and spiritsNewCAPP (2014). The ties that bind: The Buhid Mangyan People of Mindoro, their Sacred Lands and Medicine Mountain. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Global Environment Facility, and UNDP. *Labang: evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal, as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spiritsLopez-Gonzaga, V. B. (1983). Peasants in the Hills: A Study of the Dynamics of Social Change Among the Buhid Swidden Cultivators in the Philippines. University of the Philippines Press. *Lahi: spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang **Afo Daga: owner of the earth; can cast earthquakes, typhoons, and disease outbreaks when mankind defies the moral codes; appeased though the igluhodan ritual **Afo Fungsu: owner of mountain peaks **Afo Sapa: owner of rivers *Falad: souls of the dead *Malawan: spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest *Taw Gubat: jungle men who live deep in the forest *Bulaw: those who live in mountain peaks; depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human boneMortals
*Bulang: a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain, resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang; his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river, where if it is to be removed, the whole area will be submerged in waterHanunoo Mangyan
Immortals
*Mahal na Makaako: the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them *Binayo: owner of a garden where all spirits rest *Binayi: a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray; married to Balingabong *Balungabong: spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs; erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water; married to Binayi *Kalag Paray: rice spirits; appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest *Labang: evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans *Apu Dandum: spirit living in the water *Apu Daga: spirit living in the soil *Daniw: spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healersMortals
*Anay and Apog: the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human; lived on top of Mount NaapogPostma, A. (1977). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 5, No. 1/2, Philippine Cultural Minorities – II: Mangyan Folklore. University of San Carlos Publications. *Inabay: wife of Amalahi; met a ghoul, who she requested betel nuts to chew on, as per custom; later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul's betel nuts *Amalahi: husband of Inabay; killed by his wife, who had turned into a ghoul *Daga-daga: eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi; sister of Palyos; called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother, and took care of her child brother in the forest *Palyos: younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi; brother of Daga-daga; befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall; eventually, his friend chicken left the world of the living, leaving on its two wings, which when Palyos planted, sprouted and fruited rice, clothing, beads, and many others, which he and his sister shared with others *Timawa: the elves who aided the child Daga-daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother, Inabay, who had turned into a ghoul *Amalahi: a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family, which led to their death *Amamangan: a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi, leading to death *Daldali: the fast one, who is always in a hurry, which usually results into deplorable things; cousin of Malway-malway *Malway-malway: the slow one, whose acts are normal and proper; cousin of Daldali *Monkey and Crocodile: two characters where Monkey always outwits *Juan Pusong: a trickster characterBicolano
Immortals
*Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt;Vibal, H. (1923). Asuang Steals Fire from Gugurang. Ethnography of The Bikol People, ii. the god of goodTiongson, N. G., Barrios, J. (1994). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art: Peoples of the Philippines. Cultural Center of the Philippines. *Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers *Assistants of Gugurang **Linti: controls lightning **Dalodog: controls thunder *Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyedBeyer, H. O. (1923). Ethnography of the Bikol People. vii. *Languiton: the god of the sky *Tubigan: the god of the water *Dagat: goddess of the sea *Paros: god of the wind; married to Dagat *Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth *Adlao: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun; in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seasArcilla, A. M. (1923). The Origin of Earth and of Man. Ethnography of the Bikol People, vii. *Bulan: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the moon; in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established *Bitoon: daughter of Dagat and Paros; accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons' rebellion; her shattered body became the stars *Unnamed God: a sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remainedBuenabora, N. P. (1975). Pag-aaral at Pagsalin sa Pilipino ng mga Kaalamang-Bayan ng Bikol at ang Kahalagahan ng mga Ito sa Pagtuturo ng Pilipino sa Bagong Lipunan. National Teacher's College. *Magindang: the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signsRealubit, M. L. F. (1983). Bikols of the Philippines. A.M.S. Press. *Okot: the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey *Mortals
*Baltog: the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag *Handyong: the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol; crafted the people's first laws, which created a period for a variety of human inventions *Bantong: the hero who single-handedly slew the half-man half-beast Rabot *Dinahong: the first potter; a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery *Ginantong: made the first plow, harrow, and other farming tools *Hablom: the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbinsAguilar, dited byCeledonio G. (1994). Readings in Philippine literature. Manila: Rex Book Store. *Kimantong: the first person to fashion the rudder called timon, the sail called layag, the plow called arado, the harrow called surod, the ganta and other measures, the roller, the yoke, the bolo, and the hoe *Sural: the first person to have thought of a syllabry; carved the first writing on a white rock-slab from Libong *Gapon: polished the rock-slab where the first writing was on *Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood; transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato *Rosa: a sun god's lover, who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village *Malinay: a fearless girl who explored the forests and caves filled with spirits; known in the tale of the origin of bananasWaray
Immortals
*Makapatag-Malaon: the supreme deity with both male and female aspect; the male aspect is Makapatag, the leveler who is fearful and destructive, while the female aspect is Malaon, the ancient understanding goddess *Badadum: a guide of the dead; gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world *Hamorawan Lady: the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties *Berbinota: the beautiful goddess who rules the island of Biri, whose formations were made during the battle of the gods *Maka-andog: an epic giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing *Rizal: a culture-hero who is prophesied to someday return to aid his people in their struggleMortals
*Igsabod: one of the 10–11 giant siblings of Maka-andog; friends with the sea spiritsHart D. V., Hart H. C. (1966). Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. The Journal of American Folklore. *Paula Tomaribo: giant wife and, in some tales, the sibling of Maka-andog; in another tale, she was of Moro origin *Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog; became the firstEskaya
Immortals
*Ai Suno: the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno; later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influenceMartinez-Juan, M. C. (2003). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 31, No. 4, Special Issue: Cebuano Literary Studies: Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts. University of San Carlos Publications. *Baroko: the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis (silver bell), which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land, free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies; if the bell is retrieved by someones else, a great deluge will occurMortals
*Pinay: the founder of the Eskaya language and script; in some sources, Datahan, a historical person who founded an Eskaya school, is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay *Tumud Babaylan: custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente; retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko, who flew with the bellMartinez-Juan, M. C. (2003). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 31, No. 4, Special Issue: Cebuano Literary Studies: Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts. University of San Carlos Publications. *Humabad: a priest-ruler of Opon, known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him *Umanad: the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan; he allied himself with Lapu-Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol, which ended with Humabad's death and a mortally wounded Umanad *Daylinda: wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan; was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad; committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband *Dangko: the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan *Iriwan: an aide provided by Lapu-lapu to Umanad; became a good friend of Umanad; aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad; sailed Umanad's mortally-wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan-WajiBisaya
Immortals
*Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning;Hill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company. in some myths, is married to Maguyaen; also referred as Bathala in one myth;Buyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan. also referred as Abba in one chronicleOuano-Savellon, R. (2014). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 42, No. 3/4: Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik: Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative. University of San Carlos Publications. *Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of KaptanMiller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn. *Messengers of Kaptan **Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords **Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords **Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea *Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea *Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened *Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands *Helpers of Manaul **Kanauay **Amihan *Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan *Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan *Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth *Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun *Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon *Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars *Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good *Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night *Mortals
*Sicabay: the first woman *Sicalac: the first man *Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race *Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race *Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping *Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race *Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race *Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu; defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical personMojares, R. B. (1979). Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of San Carlos. *Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person *Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra *Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo *Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay *Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children *Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna *Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna *Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu; in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse *Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana; also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga *Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu *Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale *Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon *Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal *Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal *Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal *Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal *Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal *Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone *Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them; his wish backfired, with the people withdrawing their support, which later led to his deathAti
Immortals
*Magwala: also called Magdili, the supreme spiritNoval-Morales, D. Y. The Ati of Negros and Panay. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Abog: chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer; the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits, headed by Abog *Assistants of Abog **Makalisang **Kangil-iran *Spirits of the Forest: the first-fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat, which would bring good luck to the people **Bakero **Tawo-nga-talonon *Taglugar: also called Tagapuyo; spirits inhabiting certain placesMortals
*Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his sonMonteclaro, P. A. (1854). Maragtas. English Translation published by University of Michigan. *Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler *Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator; came from a commoner familyIlonggo (Hiligaynon)
Immortals
*Laon: the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon; governs the harvest, pestilence, and locusts; also referred to as the god Lalaon *Makaako: the creator and the most powerful god *Kaptan: god of the earth *Magyawan: god of the sea *Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea *Sidapa: god who lives in the sacredMortals
*Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son *Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler *Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family *Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea *Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay *Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao *Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan *Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus *Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan *Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik *Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus *Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus *Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong *Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus *Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus *Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus *Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his powerCapiznon
Immortals
*Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of NegrosCruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). Capiznon. With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R. *Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses; lives inAklanon
Immortals
*Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the peopleEugenio, D. L. (2002). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. University of the Philippines Press. *Bululakaw: lived in the island's sacred mountain called Madya-as *Laon: a chief goddess *Mediators to the Gods **Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe **Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies **Soliran: performs marriage ceremonies **Solian: performs marriage ceremonies **Manunubo: the good spirit of the seaMortals
*Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan *Daeogdog: a man with violent temper whose name means thunder; married to Mabuot; wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named MaeopigAguilar, C. G. (1994). Readings in Philippine Literature. Rex Book Store. *Mabuot: a woman who was kind and gentle, married to Daeogdog; tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot-tempered Maeopig *Agahon: daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot; said to be as lovely as the dawn; was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal; killed herself before the marriage; from her burial, grew the mango tree *Maeopig: suitor of Agahon; had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughterKaray-a
Immortals
*Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layersMagos, Alicia P. 1978. "The Ma-aram in a Kiniray-a Society." Master's thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman. *Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against SaragnayonJocano, F. L. (2000). Hinilawod. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines : Punlad Research House Inc. *Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung YawaCaballero, Federico "Tuohan," Teresita "Abyaran" Caballero-Castor, and Alicia P. Magos. 2014. Tikum Kadlum. Sugidanon (Epics) of Panay Series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. *Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory *Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans *Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an *Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an *Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter *Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature *Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree onMortals
*Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands *Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga *Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun *Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon *Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated *Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father *Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father *Humadapnon: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa; aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa *Nagmalitung Yawa: a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay; defeated the thousand army in Tarangban; when her mother Matan-ayon was in old age, a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon's promiscuity; Matan-ayon's powers were transferred to her, and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina *Malubay Hanginon: a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form *Paglambuhan: a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap *Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa; in the Sugidanon epic, she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon *Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon *Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting *Datu Paiburong: owner of Tikim Kadlum *Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi *Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon *Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle *Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees *Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan *Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle *Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son *Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler *Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family *Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea *Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay *Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao *Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan *Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus *Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan *Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik *Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus *Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus *Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong *Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus *Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus *Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datusSuludnon (Panay-Bukidnon)
Immortals
*Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheonJocano, F. L. (1958). The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University *Assistants of Tungkung Langit **Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements **Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons **Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms **Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas **Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces **Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld *Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earthJocano, F. L. (1967). The Sulod Myth of Creation. (M. Antonio, Ed.) Some Aspects of Filipino Vernacular Literature, 292–293. *Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things *Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi *The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul **Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to ManglaegasJocano, F. L. (1968). Sulod Society. Quezon City: U.P. Press. **Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes **Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate *Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience *Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul *Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soulCuyonon and Agutaynen
Immortals
*Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island *Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first sharkPala'wan (Palawano)
Immortals
*Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world;The Palawan. Survival International. also referred as Ampu, the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity, hence, he is also called Nagsalad (the weaver); he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan *Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity *Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance; also referred to as Balyan *Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes; also called Langgam or Saytan, they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge *Ampu at Paray: the master of rice *Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds *Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season *Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunderBatak
Immortals
*Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to lifeMckenzie, D. A. (2014). Psychic Phenomena: A Clinical Investigation. Lulu Publishing. *Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds *Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad *Deities of Strength **Siabuanan **Bankakah **Paraen **Buengelen **Baybayen *Batungbayanin: spirit of the mountains *Paglimusan: spirit of the small stones *Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees *Sulingbunganin: spirit of the big rocks *Esa’: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs *Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to UngawNovellino, D. (2003). ‘Contrasting landscapes, conflicting ontologies’. Assessing environmental conservation on Palawan Island (the Philippines), in D. Anderson and E. Berglund (eds.) ‘Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Priviledge’. London: Berghahn. *Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay *Panya’en: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals *Kiudalan: in charge of forest pigs *Napantaran: in charge of forest pigsTagbanwa
Immortals
*Mangindusa: also referred as Nagabacaban, the highest-ranking deity who lives in Awan-awan, the region beyond the Langit; the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime;CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art: Peoples of the Philippines (1994). Cultural Center of the Philippines. also referred as Magindusa, the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth, through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva; never descends from Awan awan; he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawanFox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum. *Bugawasin: wife of Mangindusa *Dibuwatanin: the messengers of Mangindusa *Tungkuyanin: deity who sits on the edge of this sky-cover with his feet dangling into the universe; also sits looking down at the earth; if he were to raise his head and look up, he would fall into the nothingness *Magrakad: a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness *Bangkay: spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat; spirits of the people who have been killed by violence, poison, or those who died in giving birth *Bulalakaw: also called Diwata kat Dibuwat; they fly-travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people *Polo: the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness *Sedumunadoc: the god of the earth, whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest *Tabiacoud: the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth *Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub. controls the rains *Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan; controls the rain *Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset *Amyan: the hot, dry northeast winds *Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed *Salakap: the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds; initially were humans who were forced, thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade's trick, to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human, which turned them into Salakap *Tumungkuyan: leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic-dead *Sumurutun: captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan *Fuku: deity of smallpox *Lumalayag: warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap *Tandayag: a deity who lives in Kiyabusan; sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds, as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity *Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food *Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their deadSurigaonon
Immortals
*God of Animals: the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing; when a king heard of an island filled with dogs, he ordered a captain to get some of them; the captain ordered the dogs which they did, angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning, killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga, which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and wavesEsteban, R. C., Casanova, A. R., Esteban, I. C. (2011). Folktales of Southern Philippines. Anvil Publishing. *Mount Diwata Deities: a group of deities (diwata) at the Diwata Mountains, whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills (kalaw); the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times, which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin; a crater was left, which became Lake Mainit *Pikit Octopus: a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario, until grew massive; inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung; when Sario died, the octopus left the river *Rizal: a culture-hero who in the future, will return to aid his people in their struggleMortals
*Sario: a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit riverMamanwa
Immortals
*Tahaw: supreme deity who is give prayers of supplications and petitionsPicardal Jr., E. B. (2017). Socio-cultural History of Mamanwa Adaptations of Community in Sitio Palayan, Barangay Caucab, Almeria Biliran. *True: deity of the forest and herder of hunting animalsSubanon
Immortals
*Diwata Magbabaya: the supreme deity and creator of heaven and earth;Imbing, M. V. L., Viernes-Enriquez, J. (1990). Asian Folklore Studies Vol. 49, No. 1: A Legend of the Subanen Buklog. Nanzan University also referred to as Diwata-sa-Langit, who lives in the sky; also referred as Bathala; can turn anyone into stone through his lightning *Palmot: one of trusted heavenly messenger of the supreme deity; an angel *Tagma-sa-Dagat: the god of the sea *Tagma-sa-Yuta: the god of the earth *Tagma-sa-Manguabungud: the god of the woods *Tagma-sa-uba: the god of the rivers *Tagma-sa-langit: the god who protects the sick *Jobrael: also called Jobraim; son of a human and a supernatural; stayed on earth for a thousand years, and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deityMortals
*Son of Jobrael: was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father, Jobrael, was called back; retained his earthly status due to a seven-year plan initiated by his wife *Wife of Jobrael's Son: devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments, resulting to her husband's permanent residence on earth *Gomotan Raja: an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river *Gomotan Sangira: an ancient leader who settled in Megusan *Palaganding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding; a brave and proficient swordsman *Rainding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding; a brave and proficient swordsman *Gomeed: son of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordsman *Bulaw: daughter of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordswoman *Rajah Humabon: a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler thereManuvu
Immortals
*Manama: the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan, meaning all seeing; created the diwatas to assist him in creation; created the earth from his fingernail scrapingsManuel, A. E. (1973). Origin Myth of the Manuvu. Filipino Heritage, I, 1–5. *Assistants in Manama's creation: all were given katusan (precognition and power); their bodies were life fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin **Pammaong na Diwata **Paong na Katusan **Panayangan **Tumanud **Anitu *Ogassi: brother of Manama; incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans, causing mankind's mortalityBukidnon
Immortals
*Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting;Unabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press. holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won't fall off the world;Cole, F. C. (1956). The Bukidnon of Mindanao. Fieldiana Anthropology, XLVII. also referred to as Bathala *Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting *Agtayabun: the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk-like head, wings, and a human body; tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting, where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion, while maintaining the balanace of Banting; the beating of his wings produce the wind *Incantus: six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities; became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay; they are both good and evil, but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings; if offended, they can send droughts, flood, pestilence, or sickness **Talagbugta: look after the soil **Ibabagsuk: take care of nature and grow plants **Bulalakaw: guards the water and all the creatures living in it **Mamelig: watch over the forest **Lalawig: watch over the bees and honey **Mamahandi: guards over the material wealth that men acquire *First Human: one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities; became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya; endowed with intelligence, and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso *Magbabaya (general): general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world's concavities meet; usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya *Intumbangol: a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld; one is male, the other female; their movement causes earthquakes, their breathing causes winds, and their panting causes violent storms *Miyaw-Biyaw: the deity who breathes the makatu (soul) into humans at birth *Andalapit: leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan, where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul *Mangilala: god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld; brother of Magbabaya, who he aided in the creation of humans, although when Mangilala breathed into the figures, humans became tempted to evil things *Assistants of Magbabaya **Domalongdong: god of the north wind **Ognaaling: god of the south wind **Tagaloambung: god of the east wind **Magbaya: god of the west wind *Agents of Magbabaya **Tagumbanwa: guardian of the fields **Ibabasag: goddess of pregnant women **Ipamahandi: goddess of accidents **Pamahandi: protector of carabaos and horses **Tao-sa-sulup: god of material goods **Tigbas: god of good government **Busao: god of calamity **Talagbusao: bloodthirsty god of war *Camiguin: a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her; sank and established Lake Mainit, and rose to sea, moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin *Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at seaMortals
*Agyu: subdued the Intumbangol *Tuluyan: son of Agyu, who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub, composed of the boar-tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling, which gave its owner Kalaki (talent and power) to settle disputes *Gahemen: a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat *Teheban: son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat *Pabulusen: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of power *A-ayawa-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of religious customs *Tataun-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people often experienced hunger *Bala-ol: brother of Mampolompon; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon *Mampolompon: brother of Bala-ol; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon *Tibolon: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon *Managdau: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the BukidnonHigaonon
Immortals
*Halangdong Magbabaya: the supreme deity; simply referred as Magbabaya, the creator of all thingsCajetas-Saranza, R. (2016). Higaonon Oral Literature: A Cultural Heritage. US-China Education Review B, May 2016, Vol. 6, No. 5 *Diwata: became a friend of the carpenter, David *Limokan: a pigeon who when cooed at, ensures a bountiful harvest *Ibabasok: the good spirit of the harvestMortals
*Datu Indulum: formulated the laws of Mt. Sinakungan *David: a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his musclesTalaandig
Immortals
*Magbabaya: the supreme deity;Saway, V. L. The Talaandig. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forestGlobal ICCA Database: Igmale’ng’en sacred forests of Portulin, Mindanao, Philippines. Indigenous Peoples’ and Community Conserved Areas and Territories Consortium. *Dadagunan hu Suguy: deity who guards of the lawn of the house *Anilaw ha Sumagda: deity who guards the door *Sinyuda Kahibunan: deity who keeps the hall *Diwata ha Manilib: deity who records the activity of people inside the house *Diwata Pinatanlay: deity who guards the house at the ridge of the roof *Lalawag: deity who safeguards wild pigs *Mangumanay: deity who safeguards wild chickens *Mangusal: deity who safeguards the honeybees; the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity *Bulalakaw: deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deityManobo
Immortals
*Tagbusan: the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals *Dagau: the goddess of creation living at the world's four pillars; established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers; when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth, she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars, creating earthquakesGarvan, J. M. (1931). The Manobos of Mindanao. Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, 23. *Makalindung: the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts; lives in the center with a python; created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley *Unnamed deities: in a third version of the creation myth, the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans *Ibu: the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead, where under her governance, there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat, work, and marry *Diwata: a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future *Umli: divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata *Pamdiya: divinities who have purview over war; initiate war *Panaiyung: divinities who have purview over madness; force madness upon men *Agkui: divinities who have purview over sexual excess *Tagbayaw: the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals *Sugudun: also called Sugujun; the god of hunters and trappers *Apila: the god of wrestling and sports *Kakiadan: the goddess of rice *Taphagan: the goddess of the harvest who guards rice in the granary *Anit: also called Anitan; the guardian of the thunderbolt *Inaiyau: the god of storms *Tagbanua: the god of rain *Umouiri: the god of clouds *Libtakan: the god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather *Yumud: the god of water *Manduyapit: the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld *Datu Ali (Mampuroc): a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity; his reincarnation, Mampuroc, is a shaman-hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle; based on a historical personMandaya
Immortals
*Unnamed Woman: the woman who pressed the earth, creating mountains *Primordial Eel: a great eel whose back holds the earth; its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy itMansaka
Immortals
*Taganlang: the creator god who has a helper bird named OribigMagaña, A. S. (1975). Mansaka Forms of Oral Literature. In F. Demetrio (Ed.). Cagayan de Oro City : Xavier University. also called Magbabaya, the creator of mankind *Oribig: the celestial helper bird of Taganlang; flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil, which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earthKalagan
Mortals
*Kawlan: an epic hero and baylan (shaman) who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap; husband of Bodi *Ibang: father of Kawlan; a gifted baylan (shaman) *Salma: mother of Kawlan *Datu Waytiyap: a giant monster who can shapeshift into a human leader; defeated by Kawlan *Father of Bodi: an old man who rescued Kawland from a monster monkey *Bodi: wife of Kawlan *Datu of the East: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West; worked in the morning; allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat *Datu of the West: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East; worked in the afternoon; requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heatBagobo
Immortals
*Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers;Benedict, L. W. (1913). Bagobo Myths. Journal of American Folklore, pp. 26 (99): 13–63. controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death; in some myths, the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity, Diwata *Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana *Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings *Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected *Assistants of Pamulak Manobo **Tigyama: the god of protection; visited Lumabet, which resulted in the hero's journey **Malaki t’ohu A’wig: the hero who destroyed sickness **Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held **Panayaga: the god of brass casters **Abog: the god of hunters **Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent *Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata *Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity **Salamiwan **Ubnuling **Tiun **Biat’odan **Biakapusad-an-Langit **Kadeyuna **Makali Lunson **Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger *Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow *Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity *Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan *Mandarangan: god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth *Mebuyan: the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing *Taragomi: the god of crops *Tolus ka Gomanan: the god of smiths *Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving *Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet, until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man *Lumabet: a hero who guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals *Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet's order, until he became a small child *Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky *Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo *Toglai: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death *Toglibon: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death *Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughterMortals
*Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved *Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriageBlaan
Immortals
*Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana *Tau Tana: created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument; put people's noses upside down, a mistake corrected by Melu; also called Tau Dalom Tana *Tasu Weh: creator of humans in another myth, where humans had male sexual organs on one knee, and female sexual organs on the otherLutero, C. D. (1986). Blaan Folk Literature. U.P. *Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs; also called Fiuwe *Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the worldCole,M. C. (1916). Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company. *Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky *Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world *Fon Kayoo: spirit of the trees *Fon Eel: spirit of water *Fon Batoo: spirit of rocks and stones *Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld *Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curseMortals
*Adnato: the first man *Adwani: the first woman *Tapi: child of Adnato and Adwani *Lakarol: child of Adnato and Adwani *Descendants of Tapi and Lakarol **Sinudal **Moay **Limbay **Madinda **Sinnamoway **Kamansa **Gilay **Gomayau **Salau **Slayen **Baen **Kanial **LataraT'boli
Immortals
*Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universeCasal, G. (1978). The T'boli Creation Myth and Religion. T'boli Art: in its Socio-Cultural Context, pp. 122–123. *Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe *Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil *Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul *Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children *S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from *D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea *Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata *Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata *Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel *S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik *B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule *Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi *Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling *La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan *Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan *Children of D’wata and Hyu We **L’tik **B’langa **Temo Lus **T’dolok **Ginton **L’mugot M’ngay **Fun Bulol: the owner of wild animals *Children of D’wata and Sedek We **Kayung **Slew **S’mbleng **Nagwawang **Nga Hule **S’ntan *Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environmentCudera, R. B., Razon, B. C., Millondaga, K. J. I. (2020). Cultural and ecological significance of Odonata (Insecta) to the T'boli of Lake Sebu, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. **Fu El: the spirit of water **Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river *D’wata (general): the general term for the gods; guard lives and determine fate and destiny *Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams *Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen singManzano, L. C. The T’boli. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Glinton: the god of metalworkTeduray (Tiruray)
Immortals
*Tulus: referred as the Great Spirit, who was neither male nor female and created all things, including the forest, those that we see (such as humans), and those that we can't see (such as spirits) from mud; created and re-created humans four times, first due to the non-existence of humans, second due to birthing issues, the third due to Lageay Lengkuos's initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit's realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth, and the last due to another initiation of mankind's ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third;Schlegel, S. A. (1999). Wisdom from a Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist. the University of Georgia Press. another name for Meketefu, but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regionsWood, G. L. (1957). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 5, No. 2: The Tiruray. Philippine Sociological Society. *Minaden: creator of mankind, which was made from mud; creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight; provided mankind with their clothes and languages; her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds *Meketefu: the unapproachable brother of Minaden; also called Tulus, he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind; gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys, while gave another group bows and arrows *Monkey Leader: also called Little Moneky, he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people, which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions; two non-believer of his group were left on earth, but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky, which became the source of all iron *Biaku: the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden; when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth, Biaku fled *Metiatil: married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos; also referred to as Metiyatil KenoganTenorio, J., Stuart A. Schlegel, S. A. (1970). Philippine Studies Vol. 18, No. 2: The Customs of the Tiruray People. Ateneo de Manila University *Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the sun, and made the water into land and land into water; also known as Lagey Lengkuwos, was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives, and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit, leaving earth without humans *Matelegu Ferendam: son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil, although in some tales, he was instead birthed by Metiatil's necklace, Tafay Lalawan, instead *Lageay Seboten: a poor breechcloth-wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife; made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus, and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people *Mo-Sugala: father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son; loved to hunt with his dogs, and became a man-eater living in a cave *Saitan: evil spirits brought by foreign priests *Guru: leader of the Bolbol, a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans *Damangias: a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them *Male Beliyan (Shamans) **Endilayag Belalà **Endilayag Kerakam **Lagey Bidek Keroon **Lagey Fegefaden **Lagey Lindib Lugatu **Lagey Titay Beliyan **Omolegu Ferendam *Female Beliyan (Shamans) **Kenogon Enggulon **Bonggo Solò Delemon **Kenogon Sembuyaya **Kenogon Dayafan **Bonggo Matir Atir **Kenogon Enggerayur *Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs; there were also Segoyang of bamboo, rice, and rattan; caretakers of various aspects of nature **Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling **Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts **Segoyong of Deers: can change humans into deers and man-eaters; feared during night hunts **Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted *Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body *Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord *Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside *Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering *Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant *Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors *Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors *One Who Forces the Truth *One of Oratory *Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer *Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains *Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her *Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit *Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farmingSchlegel, S. A. (1987). The Traditional Tiruray Zodiac: The Celestial Calendar of a Philippine Swidden and Foraging People. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. **Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage **Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures **Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures **Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures **Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar **Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near SingkadMortals
*Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo *Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao *Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray *First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime *Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher *Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans *Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat *Siring: dwarfs of the nunuk treesMaguindanao
Immortals
*Supreme Being: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim convertsWilliams, M. S. (1997). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 45, No. 1/4: Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao. Philippine Sociological Society. *Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons *Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests *Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings *Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event *Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts; also called as Iblis by Muslim converts; offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamitiesLoyre, G. (1991). The Institutions of Maguindanao. Historical Conservation Society. *Saitan: possessing spirits *Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow *Jinn: a group of celestial beings *Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust *Leping: the twin-spirit of an infant *Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits *Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healingMortals
*Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander *Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao *Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander *Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population *Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli *Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli *Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman; sometimes depicted as an octopus *Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman *Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn *Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra *Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli *Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray *Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the MaguindanaoMaranao
Immortals
*Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim convertsTalaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. History Department, De La Salle University – Manila. *Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers *Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers *Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables *Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen *Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga *Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity *Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes *Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly *Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw *Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm **Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits **Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong **Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong **Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation **Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods *Pinatola’ a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon *Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat *Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile *Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong *Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan *Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen *Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity *Mino’aw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity *Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world *Sarimanok: sacred omen birds *Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses *Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao *Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga; appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monsters, depending if the soul he is getting comed from a sinner or a virtuous person; punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good onto heaven *Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual **Taraka **Babowa **Mipesandalan of MasiuMortals
*Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human *Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human *Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings **Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives **Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan **Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder *Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minango’aw a Ronong *Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran *Magondaya’ Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong *Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong *Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom *Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya’ Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan *Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima’ a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat *Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel *Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola’ a Tonong *Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler *Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat; brother of Rajah Solaiman; before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey, Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman's life; when the plant died, Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother's death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster *Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan *Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan *Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces *Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose *Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives *Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won *Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp *Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death *Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig *Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak *Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit *Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune *Tingting a Bulawan: sister of AnakSama-Bajau
Immortals
*Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh TuhanHussin, H., Santamaria, M. C. M. (2008). Dancing with the ghosts of the sea: Experiencing the Pagkanduli ritual of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau Laut) in Sikulan, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines. JATI: Jurnal Jabatan Pengajian Asia Tenggara Fakulti Sastera Dan Sains Sosial *Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai; creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants; also simply called as TuhanPack, J., Behrens, D. (1973). Dictionary Yakan – Pilipino – English. Summer Institute of Linguistics-Philippines, Inc. *Umboh: a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spiritsHussin, H. (2010). Balancing the Spiritual and Physical Worlds: Memory, Responsibility, and Survival in the Rituals of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau laut) in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Göttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3. **Umboh: ancestral spirits **Saitan: nature spirits **Jinn: familiar spirits *Umboh Baliyu: spirits of wind and stormsTangan, L. (2011). Exploration into Sama Philosophy: Omboh. *Umboh Payi: also called Umboh Gandum, the spirits of the first rice harvest *Umboh Summut: totem of ants *Umboh Kamun: totem of mantis shrimp *Sumangâ: spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks *Bansa: ancestral ghosts *Kasagan: unseen spiritsJumala, F. C. (2013). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. 41, No. 3/4: Ancestral Spirits as Healers: The "Pagomboh" and "Pag-igal Jin" Rituals of the Sama Dilaut. University of San Carlos Publications. *Omboh Adam: later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences; messenger of the supreme deity *Awa: later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences *Niyawa: spiritsMortals
*Abak: the king of a people who inhabited Balabac; led his people's migration to Capul island, where their descendants now resideAmpuan, R. B., et al. (1983). I Capul, siray patiʼ inaʼanto / Capul, noon at ngayon: Ang kasaysayan ng palo ng Capul / Capul, before and now: a history of Capul Island. Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Footnotes
References
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