Defender of the Faith ( la, Fidei Defensor or, specifically feminine, '; french: Défenseur de la Foi) is a phrase that has been used as part of the full
style of many English, Scottish, and later British monarchs since the early 16th century. It has also been used by some other monarchs and heads of state.
Scottish, English and British usage
History
The earliest use of the term appears in 1507, when King
James IV of Scotland
James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchi ...
was granted the title of "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" by
Pope Julius II. The title was conferred on James IV by the papal legate Robert Bellenden in a lavish ceremony in
Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by David I of Scotland. During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Ref ...
.
"Defender of the Faith" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on 11 October 1521 by
Pope Leo X to King
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...
. His wife
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until their annulment on 23 May 1533. She was previously ...
also used the title. The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book ''
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'' (''Defence of the Seven Sacraments''), which defended the sacramental nature of
marriage and the supremacy of the
pope. This was also known as the "Henrician Affirmation" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the
Protestant Reformation, especially the ideas of
Martin Luther.
Following Henry's decision to break with
Rome in 1530 and establish himself as head of the
Church of England, the title was revoked by
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III ( la, Paulus III; it, Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in November 1549.
He came to ...
and he was
excommunicated. However in 1543 the
Parliament of England conferred (by a bill entitled "The Bill for the Kinges Stile") on King
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...
and his successors, now the defenders of the
Anglican
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of th ...
faith, the style "Henry the Eighth by the Grace of God King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth the Supreme Head". All subsequent monarchs (except the Catholic Queen
Mary I) became
supreme governor
The supreme governor of the Church of England is the titular head of the Church of England, a position which is vested in the British monarch. Queen and Church > Queen and Church of England">The Monarchy Today > Queen and State > Queen and Churc ...
s.
King
James V of Scotland was granted the title of "Defender of the Faith" by
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III ( la, Paulus III; it, Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in November 1549.
He came to ...
on 19 January 1537, symbolizing the hopes of the papacy that the King of Scots would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed. Neither this title nor James IV's title of "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" became part of the full style of the
monarch of Scotland.
During
The Protectorate (1653–59), the
republican heads of state
Oliver Cromwell and
Richard Cromwell, more clearly profiled as Protestant than the monarchy, although claiming
divine sanction, did not adopt the
style "Defender of the Faith". The style was reintroduced after the
restoration of the monarchy and remains in use to this day.
Modern usage
In his capacity as
King of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies (the Bailiwi ...
,
Charles III is
styled "Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the
Commonwealth
A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...
, Defender of the Faith". The title "Defender of the Faith" reflects the Sovereign's position as the
supreme governor of the Church of England
The supreme governor of the Church of England is the titular head of the Church of England, a position which is vested in the British monarch. Queen and Church > Queen and Church of England">The Monarchy Today > Queen and State > Queen and Chur ...
. The original Latin phrase is represented on all current
British coins
The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories is denominated in pennies and Pound (currency), pounds Pound sterling, sterling (pound sign, symbol "£", commercial GBP), and ...
by the abbreviations,
F D or
FID DEF. This notation was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King
George I. The decision of the
Royal Mint
The Royal Mint is the United Kingdom's oldest company and the official maker of British coins.
Operating under the legal name The Royal Mint Limited, it is a limited company that is wholly owned by His Majesty's Treasury and is under an exclus ...
to omit this and certain other parts of the monarch's style from the "
Godless Florin
The United Kingdom, British florin, or two-Shilling (British coin), shilling piece (2/– or 2''s''.) was a Coins of the pound sterling, coin worth of one Pound (currency), pound, or 24 Penny (British pre-decimal coin), pence. It was issued fr ...
" in 1849 caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced.
In most
Commonwealth realm
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in the Commonwealth of Nations whose monarch and head of state is shared among the other realms. Each realm functions as an independent state, equal with the other realms and nations of the Commonwealt ...
s, the phrase does not appear in the Monarch's full style, though the initial "
By the Grace of God" is maintained. For example, in
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, King Charles is currently styled "by the Grace of God, King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". He is additionally styled "Defender of the Faith" only in Canada,
New Zealand and the UK.
Canada chose to include the phrase not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the
House of Commons in
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito i ...
,
Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent
Louis Stephen St. Laurent (''Saint-Laurent'' or ''St-Laurent'' in French, baptized Louis-Étienne St-Laurent; February 1, 1882 – July 25, 1973) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 12th prime minister of Canada from 19 ...
stated:
However, the style used on Canadian coinage is simply D.G. Rex (, "By the Grace of God, King").
In Australia, the monarch held the title "Defender of the Faith" until 1973, when it was formally removed. (The words "by the Grace of God" were retained, however.)
At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, e.g.
South Africa from 29 May 1953. Others dropped it even sooner, e.g. in 1953, while still a dominion of the Commonwealth (until 1956),
Pakistan dropped the title in recognition of the contradiction between its overwhelmingly
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
population and having a monarch as the defender of the
Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
faith.
King Charles III, the then
heir apparent, expressed a preference to change the spirit of this role should he succeed to the throne as expected. He commented in 1994, "I personally would rather see
y future role
Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth (or seventh ...
as Defender of Faith, not ''the'' Faith"; however, he later clarified in 2015 that "while at the same time being Defender of the Faith you can also be protector of faiths".
Usage in the French language
Haiti
In 1811 when he proclaimed himself king,
Henri I of
Haiti
Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...
awarded himself the title, "", and incorporated it into his
full style:
which translates to English as:
by the Grace of God and the Constitutional Law of the State, King of Haiti, Sovereign of Tortuga, Gonâve and other adjacent Islands, Destroyer of Tyranny, Regenerator and Benefactor of the Haitian Nation, Creator of her Moral, Political and Martial Institutions, First Crowned Monarch of the New World, ''Defender of the Faith'', founder of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Henry
Canada
The French variant is used as part of the official French-language version of the monarch's style in Canada: ""
Elsewhere
In 1684,
Pope Innocent XI
Pope Innocent XI ( la, Innocentius XI; it, Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689.
Poli ...
granted the honorary title ( pl, Obrońca Wiary) to
John III Sobieski
John III Sobieski ( pl, Jan III Sobieski; lt, Jonas III Sobieskis; la, Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696.
Born into Polish nobility, Sobie ...
, king of
Poland, who took the supreme command of the Christian Coalition army during the
Battle of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna; pl, odsiecz wiedeńska, lit=Relief of Vienna or ''bitwa pod Wiedniem''; ota, Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası, lit=siege of Beç; tr, İkinci Viyana Kuşatması, lit=second siege of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mou ...
, considered as a turning point in history of Europe, preventing it from being conquered by the
Ottoman Empire.
One of the titles of
Haile Selassie I,
Emperor of Ethiopia
The emperor of Ethiopia ( gez, ንጉሠ ነገሥት, nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings"), also known as the Atse ( am, ዐፄ, "emperor"), was the hereditary monarchy, hereditary ruler of the Ethiopian Empire, from at least the 13th century ...
, was Defender of the Faith.
One of the titles bestowed to
Shivaji Maharaj, the first
Chhatrapati
Chhatrapati is a royal title from Sanskrit language.The word ‘Chhatrapati’ is a Sanskrit language compound word (tatpurusha in Sanskrit) of ''Chatra (umbrella), chhatra'' (''parasol'' or ''umbrella'') and ''pati'' (''master/lord/ruler''). Th ...
of the
Maratha Empire, was , which means Defender of
Hinduism.
In
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagre ...
, the historical leader of the faith was a secular ruler, rather than a spiritual one. The title of this leader was
Caliph, deriving from the
Arabic ''Khalifah'', which means something like "steward", "deputy", or "successor" (as the Caliph was the successor to the
Prophet Muhammad, and the steward of
his community on Earth). An additional title used by Caliphs was ''
Amir al-Mu'minin'', meaning "Commander (
Emir) of the Faithful". This title is still used by leaders who have historically claimed the Caliphate but officially do so no longer, like the
King of Morocco and the
Sultan of Sokoto. The secular ruler responsible for the maintenance and stewardship of the
Masjid al-Haram
, native_name_lang = ar
, religious_affiliation = Islam
, image = Al-Haram mosque - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg
, image_upright = 1.25
, caption = Aerial view of the Great Mosque of Mecca
, map ...
in
Mecca and the
Mosque of the Prophet in
Medina, as well as protecting the
Hajj
The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...
pilgrimage and its rituals, is called the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. This title is currently held by the
King of Saudi Arabia.
In
Nizari Shia Islam, the leader of the faith is known as the
Aga Khan
Aga Khan ( fa, آقاخان, ar, آغا خان; also transliterated as ''Aqa Khan'' and ''Agha Khan'') is a title held by the Imām of the Nizari Ismāʿīli Shias. Since 1957, the holder of the title has been the 49th Imām, Prince Shah Karim ...
. The word "
agha" means "master" or "lord", and "
khan
Khan may refer to:
*Khan (inn), from Persian, a caravanserai or resting-place for a travelling caravan
*Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name
*Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by ...
" is a title of rulership in Turkic and Mongolic cultures.
The leaders of various
micronations, such as the Christian emperor of
Austenasia
The Empire of Austenasia is a micronation founded in 2008 in the United Kingdom. Operating under the constitutional monarchy of its fourth Emperor, Jonathan I, it consists of dozens of properties that have declared themselves independent under ...
, have also assumed the title.
"Monarchy"
Empire of Austenasia. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
Similar titles
The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope:
* Hungary: '' Apostolic Majesty'' (awarded )
* France: '' Most Christian Majesty'' (awarded )
* Spain: '' Most Catholic Majesty'' (awarded in 1493)
* Germany: '' Defensor Ecclesiae'' (Protector of the Church; awarded to Holy Roman Emperors)
* Portugal: ''Most Faithful Majesty
Most Faithful Majesty ( pt, Sua Majestade Fidelíssima) was the title used by the Portuguese monarchs, from 1748 to 1910.
The sobriquet Most Faithful King ( la, Rex Fidelissimus, pt, link=no, Rei Fidelíssimo) was a title awarded by the Pope Be ...
'' (awarded in 1748)
See also
* By the Grace of God
*
* Style of the British sovereign
The precise style of British sovereigns has varied over the years. style is officially proclaimed in two languages:UK ParliamentRoyal Titles Act 1953(1 & 2 Eliz. 2 c. 9) Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 195 ...
*
* (Commander of the Faithful) in Islam
Notes
References
{{Royal styles
Latin religious words and phrases
History of the Church of England
Monarchy in Canada
Monarchy in Haiti
16th-century Christianity
Style of the British sovereign