The Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture is located in western
Yunnan
Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in Southwest China, the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is ...
province,
People's Republic of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, and is one of the eight
autonomous prefecture
Autonomous prefectures () are one type of autonomous administrative divisions of China, existing at the prefectural level, with either ethnic minorities forming over 50% of the population or being the historic home of significant minorities. A ...
s of the province, bordering
Baoshan to the east and Burma's
Kachin State
Kachin State ( my, ကချင်ပြည်နယ်; Kachin: ), also known by the endonym Kachinland, is the northernmost state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet and Yunnan, specifically and respectively); Sh ...
to the west.
Etymology
Tai Nuea
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (Tai Nüa: ; also called Tai Le, Dehong Dai or Chinese Shan; own name: ''Tai2 Lə6'', which means "Upper Tai" or "Northern Tai" or , ; Chinese: ''Dǎinàyǔ'', 傣那语 or ''Déhóng Dǎiyǔ'', 德宏傣语; th, ภาษ ...
is the origin language of the word "Dehong", in
Tai Le script
Tai or TAI may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
*Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain
*Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless''
*Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon''
Businesses and organisations ...
(the script used to write the Tai Nüa language by the
Tai Nua people
Tai Nüa ( Dehong Dai: ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ ''Tai Lə;'' Chinese: 傣那 ''Dǎinà'') is one of the Tai ethnicities in South East Asia. They are mostly found in the Yunnan Province of China, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam and some have emigrated ...
) is written as "", which transliterates to
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
as "Taue Xoong". Dehong means the lower reaches of the
Nu River
, ''Mae Nam Salawin'' (
, name_etymology =
, image = Sweet_View_of_Salween_River_in_Tang_Yan_Township,_Shan_State,_Myanmar.jpg
, image_size =
, image_caption = Salween River in Shan State, Myanmar
, map ...
.
However, the Mandarin characters for Dehong are "." These two characters are a compound of "moral, value" and "magnificent, great, macro". Thus, from the
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin (; ) is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language of ...
point of view, (Dehong) means "moral" + "magnificent", so it means "magnificent (great) moral (value)".
History
Early history
Dianyue and Ailao were the ancient countries recorded in Chinese literature in the Dehong area, and Guozhanbi (
Kawsampi) was an ancient country established by the Dai people and recorded in Dai legends.
Dianyue
In the history book ''
Records of the Grand Historian
''Records of the Grand Historian'', also known by its Chinese name ''Shiji'', is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's 24 dynastic histories. The ''Records'' was written in the early 1st century by the ancient Chinese hist ...
'' written by
Sima Qian
Sima Qian (; ; ) was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his ''Records of the Grand Historian'', a general history of China covering more than two thousand years b ...
during the
Han dynasty
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...
, a paragraph in volume 123 describes
Dianyue
Dian () was an ancient kingdom established by the Dian people, a non-Han Chinese metalworking civilization that inhabited around the Dian Lake plateau of central northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn period until the Eastern Ha ...
as when
Zhang Qian
Zhang Qian (; died c. 114) was a Chinese official and diplomat who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the late 2nd century BC during the Han dynasty. He was one of the first official diplomats to bring back valuable inf ...
visited
Daxia
Daxia, Ta-Hsia, or Ta-Hia (; literally: 'Great Xia') was apparently the name given in antiquity by the Han Chinese to Tukhara or Tokhara: the main part of Bactria, in what is now northern Afghanistan, and parts of southern Tajikistan and Uzbek ...
in
Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
, he found some merchandise that was produced in
Sichuan
Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...
. And the Daxia merchant said it was purchased from
Yuandu (
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
). There was a trade route,
Shu-Yuandu Road (), between Yuandu and Sichuan. The road passed a kingdom named "Dianyue" (). The country is also called "Dianyue Chengxiang" () in modern books.
Chinese historians generally said
Tengyue
Tengchong () is a county-level city of Baoshan City, western Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It is well known for its volcanic activity. The city is named after the town of Tengchong which serves as its political center, previously kn ...
was the center of Dianyue Chengxiang, and the territory included the Dehong area. However, some historians disagree with this opinion. Lou Zichang believes Dianyue Chengxiang was not a country in western Yunnan, nor was it a country established by the Dai people.
Ailao
Ai Lao () was an ancient tribal alliance country in the west of Yunnan from the
Spring and Autumn to the
Eastern Han
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warr ...
periods, and modern historians say the area included Dehong. In ''
Chronicles of Huayang
The ''Chronicles of Huayang'' or ''Huayang Guo Zhi'' () is the oldest extant gazetteer of a region of China. It was compiled by Chang Qu during the Jin Dynasty. It contains roughly 110,000 characters. Its contents comprise history, geography and ...
'', the record of Ailao mentions its territory "3,000
li from west to east, and 4,600 li from south to north", approximately equal to 1,300 km west to east and 1,994 km south to north in modern units.
It includes the southwest of Yunnan and most of
Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...
, and in modern research, it is called the generalized area of Ailao.
In the Han period, Ailao was an influential tribal country with a population of 20,000.
Baoshan historian, Xiao Zhengwei believes the kingdom of Dianyue was a powerful tribe under Ailao.
In 69 AD, Liu Mao (), the king of Ailao, led the tribal alliance to surrender to the Han dynasty, and Han set "Ailao County" here. During the
Southern dynasty
The Southern dynasties () describe a succession of Chinese empires that coexisted alongside a series of Northern dynasties. The era is generally described as the Northern and Southern dynasties, lasting from 420–589 AD after the Jin and before ...
Qi period, the name was changed to "Xicheng County" ().
During the end of the
Liang dynasty
The Liang dynasty (), alternatively known as the Southern Liang () in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It was preceded by the South ...
, Xicheng County was abolished.
Guozhanbi
Between 568 BC and 424 BC, during the
Eastern Zhou
The Eastern Zhou (; zh, c=, p=Dōngzhōu, w=Tung1-chou1, t= ; 771–256 BC) was a royal dynasty of China and the second half of the Zhou dynasty. It was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States.
History
In 770 ...
dynasty in China, the ancestors of Dai people had settled in the
Shweli River
Shweli River ( my, ရွှေလီမြစ်; zh, 瑞丽江) is a river in China and Myanmar (Burma). Also known as Nam Mao ( shn, ၼမ်ႉမၢဝ်း; ) in Shan or Dai, and Ruili River or Longchuan River (龙川江) in Chinese, it ...
valley area and entered the tribal period. In 364 BC, grand chief Gelaba () unified the tribes in the Shweli basin. He became the chief of the tribal alliance and set the capital at Hansa (, in modern
Ruili
Ruili (; tdd, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; shn, မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; th, เมืองมาว; my, ရွှေလီ) is a county-level city of Dehong Prefecture, in the west of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It ...
). It was the early stage of the "Guozhanbi"() Kingdom, also called "
Kawsampi" ().
In 364 AD, a descendant of Gelaba named Zhaowuding () inherited the throne. He became a famous
deity
A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greate ...
, sovereign, and
culture hero
A culture hero is a mythological hero specific to some group ( cultural, ethnic, religious, etc.) who changes the world through invention or discovery. Although many culture heroes help with the creation of the world, most culture heroes are imp ...
of the Dai people.
In the 7th century, the Dai area was in chaos, and the descendants of Zhaowuding could not effectively control the area. At the same time, the kingdom of
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
was rising and conquered the Dehong area.
Piluoge
Piluoge (; Classical Yi script: ; Nisu: ; 697–748), posthumous name King Guiyi (), was the founder of the Nanzhao kingdom in what is now Yunnan, China. He reigned from 728 or 738 through 748.
Issue and Ancestry
Piluoge was the son of Sheng ...
, the king of Nanzhao, canonized another Dai tribe chief Hundeng () to be the "King of
Mong Mao
Mong may refer to:
People
*A proposed original name for the Hmong people, based on the main group, the Mong community
* Bob Mong (), American journalist and academic administrator
*Henry Mong (), American surgeon and Presbyterian missionary
*Mong ...
" and managed the whole Dai area in 762.
In 1995, Dehong historian Yang Yongsheng published research on the ancient Dai civilization. He put forward a new opinion during the Dai legend research — The "Kingdom of Daguang" () is the first country of the Dai people which was established in 424 BC, and the country "Dianyue Chengxiang" is another name for "Daguang". In 233 BC, the capital of Daguang moved to
Pagan
Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...
, and finally perished in 586 AD. The research was countered by He Ping, a history professor at
Yunnan University
Yunnan University (, Acronym: YNU) is a national key university in Yunnan Province, China. Its main campuses are located in the provincial capital city of Kunming.
Founded in December 1922, Yunnan University started to enroll in April 1923. It b ...
. He Ping says that the Kingdom of Daguang is the legendary kingdom of
Tagaung
Tagaung is a town in Mandalay Region of Myanmar (Burma). It is situated on the east bank of the Ayeyarwady River, 127 miles north of Mandalay.
Etymology
"Tagaung" derives from the Shan language term "Takawng" ( shn, တႃႈၵွင်; ), whic ...
in Burmese history and there was no kingdom of "Daguang" in the ancient Dai civilization. The Dai legend of Daguang is the story of pre-period of the
Pyu city-states
, conventional_long_name = Pyu city-states
, common_name = Pyu City States
, era = Classical antiquity
, status = City
, event_start = Earliest Pyu presence in Upper Burma
, year_start = c. 2nd century BCE
, date_start =
, event_en ...
. The story of the Pyu city-states spread to the Dehong Dai area, localized to a Dai legend and was recorded in Dai literature.
In Yang Yongsheng's research, the kingdom of "Guozhanbi" was the second kingdom established by the Dai people after Daguang. Dai language literatures were his sources of research. He said the kingdom of Guozhanbi was in existence from 567 to 1488. According to the research of He Ping, "Guozhanbi" is the ancient state "Kawsampi" or
Kosambi
Kosambi (Pali) or Kaushambi (Sanskrit) was an important city in ancient India. It was the capital of the Vatsa kingdom, one of the sixteen mahajanapadas. It was located on the Yamuna River about southwest of its confluence with the Ganges at ...
. There are many of legends about Kawsampi in
Thai
Thai or THAI may refer to:
* Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia
** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand
** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand
*** Thai script
*** Thai (Unicode block ...
-
Shan folklore. The origin of the legend was a story in
Buddhist texts
Buddhist texts are those religious texts which belong to the Buddhist tradition. The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of Gautama Buddha. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts a ...
. Therefore, He Ping thought the Kingdom of "Guozhanbi" or "Kawsampi" is an untrustworthy history.
Medieval
Whether or not the early history of Dehong is controversial, it can be determined that Dehong belonged to
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
and
Dali in the medieval period of Yunnan. In Nanzhao, it was divided into "
Yongchang Jiedu" (, south of Dehong) and "Lishui Jiedu" (, north of Dehong).
In Dali, it was under the division of "Zhenxi Zhen" ().
In 1253,
Kublai Khan
Kublai ; Mongolian script: ; (23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and the fifth khagan-emperor of th ...
conquered the Dali Kingdom, and the Dehong Dai people capitulated to the
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
. The Mongols set up an administrative division called "Jinchi Anfu Si" () to manage the west of Yunnan. In 1276, during the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fifth ...
, the Anfu Si was upgraded to "Jinchi Xuanfu Si" (), and established the agency "6
Lu governor
Fu" () to manage the Dehong area. The 6 Lu were: Luchuan Lu (, modern
Ruili
Ruili (; tdd, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; shn, မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; th, เมืองมาว; my, ရွှေလီ) is a county-level city of Dehong Prefecture, in the west of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It ...
and
Longchuan), Pingmian Lu (, modern southern
Lianghe and northern Longchuan), Zhenxi Lu (, modern
Yingjiang), Zhenkang Lu (, modern
Zhenkang
Zhenkang County () is located in the west of Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Shan State to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lincang.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic Bulang are found in the following village ...
, out of Dehong), Mangshi Lu (, modern
Mangshi
Mangshi (; tdd, ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho language, Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), former name Luxi (), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has ...
) and Rouyuan Lu (, modern
Lujiang
Lujiang County () is a county of Anhui Province, East China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Hefei, the capital of Anhui. It is the southernmost county-level division
The administrative divisions of China ...
, out of Dehong). In addition, the special divisions named "Nan Dan" () and Nandian Fu (, modern
Lianghe) were established. The scope of "6 Lu general manager Fu" was close to the modern Dehong territory.
In 1277,
Narathihapate
Narathihapate ( my, နရသီဟပတေ့, ; also Sithu IV of Pagan; 23 April 1238 – 1 July 1287) was the last king of the Pagan Empire who reigned from 1256 to 1287. The king is known in Burmese history as the "Taruk-Pyay Min" ("the King ...
,
the king of the Burmese Pagan Kingdom
The Kingdom of Pagan ( my, ပုဂံခေတ်, , ; also known as the Pagan Dynasty and the Pagan Empire; also the Bagan Dynasty or Bagan Empire) was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-da ...
, invaded the modern Dehong area. The
Battle of Ngasaunggyan
The Battle of Ngasaunggyan () was fought in 1277 between the Yuan dynasty of China and the Pagan Kingdom of Burma led by Narathihapate. The battle was initiated by Narathihapate, who invaded Yunnan, a province of the Yuan dynasty. Yuan defender ...
occurred on the bank of the
Taping River
The Taping River, known as Ta Hkaw Hka in Kachin and Daying River () in Chinese, is a river in Yunnan province, China and northern Myanmar (Burma). It is the first tributary of the country's chief river, the Irrawaddy, and the watersheds between ...
, presently in
Yingjiang County
Yingjiang County (; th, เมืองหล้า) is a county in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Kachin State to the west.
Geography
Yingjiang county has a border of with Kachin State, Myanmar in the west. Th ...
. The Yuan army only had 700 soldiers but eventually repelled the Burmese military of 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers with 10,000 horses and 800 elephants. It was the prelude to the
First Mongol invasion of Burma
The first Mongol invasions of Burma (Myanmar) (Burmese: မွန်ဂို–မြန်မာ စစ် (၁၂၇၇–၁၂၈၇); Chinese: 元緬戰爭) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, a divis ...
.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Dehong Dai people immigrated to modern
Assam
Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...
in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
and built up the kingdom of
Ahom Ahom may refer to:
*Ahom people, an ethnic community in Assam
* Ahom language, a language associated with the Ahom people
*Ahom religion, an ethnic folk religion of Tai-Ahom people
*Ahom alphabet, a script used to write the Ahom language
* Ahom kin ...
. They formed the latter-day
Ahom people
The Ahom (Pron: ), or Tai-Ahom is an ethnic group from the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The members of this group are admixed descendants of the Tai people who reached the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in 1228 and the local indi ...
.
Mong Mao
![Mong Mao-the detail map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Mong_Mao-the_detail_map.svg)
The local Dai chief was the leader of Luchuan Lu, and they were the successors of "Guozhanbi". "Luchuan" is the name denoted by Yuan, and "Mong Mao" is a self claimed name.
Si Kefa
Si Kefa ( shn, သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ, tdd, ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ, Hso Khan Hpa; my, သိုချည်ဘွား, Tho Chi Bwa; ) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mong Mao from 1340 to 1371. He sacked the Burmese ...
enthroned the chieftain of Luchuan Lu in 1340 and sent troops to the surrounding states such
Hsenwi
Theinni or Hsenwi ( shn, ; my, သိန္နီ, ; th, แสนหวี, , ) is a town in northern Shan State of Burma, situated near the north bank of the Nam Tu River and now the centre of Hsenwi Township in Lashio District. It is nort ...
,
Mongyang
Mongyang or Möngyang ( my, မိုးညှင်း, translit=Mohnyin; also known as Mong Yang)(Thai:เมืองยาง) was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It was an outlying territory, located away from the main Shan State are ...
, and
Mongmit
Momeik ( my, မိုးမိတ်), also known as Mong Mit ( Shan: ) in Shan, is a town situated on the Shweli River in northern Shan State of Myanmar (Burma).
Transport
It is connected by road to Mogok and its ruby mines, and via Mogok to ...
. After that, he attacked
Mangshi
Mangshi (; tdd, ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho language, Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), former name Luxi (), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has ...
,
Zhenxi,
Pingmian, and
Nandian. The Yuan dynasty initiated wars in 1342, 1345, 1346, and 1347 to counterattack Luchuan, but all the attempts failed. Luchuan conquered the surrounding states successively. In 1355, Si Kefa asked the Yuan dynasty to canonize him. The Yuan central government admitted his local regime and canonized Si Kefa to be the first Mong Mao
Tusi
''Tusi'', often translated as "headmen" or "chieftains", were hereditary tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of China, and the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties of Vietnam. They ruled certain et ...
. The central government set a division of "Pingmian Xuanwei Si" () at Mong Mao to legalize the regime, and Mong Mao Tusi is the leader of Xuanwei Si.
In 1382, the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
military arrived at the Mong Mao Tusi and
Si Lunfa
The International System of Units, known by the international abbreviation SI in all languages and sometimes pleonastically as the SI system, is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. E ...
surrendered. Ming granted him the title "Xuanwei Commissioner of Luchuan Pingmian" () and changed the division name "Luchuan Pingmian Xuanwei Si". In 1385, the leader of
Jingdong renegaded the Mong Mao regime, and Si Lunfa sent troops to attack Jingdong. However,
Mu Ying
Mu Ying (1345–1392) was a Chinese military general and politician during the Ming dynasty, and an adopted son of its founder, the Hongwu Emperor.
When the Ming dynasty emerged, the Hongwu Emperor's military officers who served under him were gi ...
, the general of Yunnan, was protecting the Jingdong leader.
The wars between the Mong Mao regime and the Yunnan local government occurred in 1387 and 1388. Finally, Mong Mao failed. In order to maintain the relationship with Ming, Si Lunfa sent a mission to
Kunming
Kunming (; ), also known as Yunnan-Fu, is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province, China. It is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province as well as the seat of the provincial government. The headquar ...
to make peace. Mong Mao consented to compensate for the losses, and peace was restored.
After Si Lunfa died in 1399, a minister of Mong Mao launched a rebellion. The Ming government felt threatened and separated 14 Tusi regions from the Luchuan territory.
During Si Xingfa's rule in the 1410s, the Mong Mao territory decreased to include only modern
Ruili
Ruili (; tdd, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; shn, မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; th, เมืองมาว; my, ရွှေလီ) is a county-level city of Dehong Prefecture, in the west of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It ...
,
Mangshi
Mangshi (; tdd, ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho language, Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), former name Luxi (), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has ...
and
Namhkam.
After Si Xingfa, Si Renfa was enthroned in 1413, and he tried to restore the kingdom to its former glory. In 1439, a conflict between Mong Mao and Ming reoccurred. This was the beginning of the
Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
The Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns () (1436–49) were punitive expeditions carried out by the Ming dynasty under the rule of the Emperor Yingzong against the Shan-led State of Möng Mao near the frontier with Burma.
Möng Mao, called Luchuan ...
. In 1441, Ming sent troops to Mong Mao, and Si Renfa fled to
Mongyang
Mongyang or Möngyang ( my, မိုးညှင်း, translit=Mohnyin; also known as Mong Yang)(Thai:เมืองยาง) was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It was an outlying territory, located away from the main Shan State are ...
. Several wars occurred between 1443 and 1449, and finally Mong Mao lost Dehong. The imperial family continued to live in Mongyang until they were attacked in 1604 by the
Toungoo dynasty
, conventional_long_name = Toungoo dynasty
, common_name = Taungoo dynasty
, era =
, status = Empire
, event_start = Independence from Ava
, year_start ...
.
Ming and Qing dynasties
![芒允海关](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/%E8%8A%92%E5%85%81%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3.png)
After the Mong Mao kingdom declined, the Chinese central government gained efficient control in the Dehong area. During the
Ming
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
and
Qing
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...
dynasties, the central government canonized 10
Tusi
''Tusi'', often translated as "headmen" or "chieftains", were hereditary tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of China, and the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties of Vietnam. They ruled certain et ...
in Dehong:
![International Border of Dehong](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/International_Border_of_Dehong.svg)
During the Ming dynasty, two Sino-Burmese wars occurred in Dehong.
In 1594, Yunnan
grand coordinator
A ''xunfu'' was an important imperial Chinese provincial office under both the Ming (14th–17th centuries) and Qing (17th–20th centuries) dynasties. However, the purview of the office under the two dynasties differed markedly. Under the Ming ...
Chen Yongbin () built up 8 border defense military checkpoints to guard the international border between Dehong and the Burmese
Toungoo dynasty
, conventional_long_name = Toungoo dynasty
, common_name = Taungoo dynasty
, era =
, status = Empire
, event_start = Independence from Ava
, year_start ...
; these checkpoints formed the early border between China and Myanmar.
In 1658, the last emperor of the
Southern Ming dynasty
The Southern Ming (), also known as the Later Ming (), officially the Great Ming (), was an imperial dynasty of China and a series of rump states of the Ming dynasty that came into existence following the Jiashen Incident of 1644. Shun forces ...
,
Zhu Youlang
The Yongli Emperor (; 1623–1662; reigned 18 November 1646 – 1 June 1662), personal name Zhu Youlang, was a royal member to the imperial family of Ming dynasty, and the fourth and last commonly recognised emperor of the Southern Ming, reigni ...
, passed the Nandian and Ganya Tusi and fled to Myanmar. He granted Ganya Tusi a
marquess
A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...
title. Ganya Tusi helped Youlang to flee but was completely annihilated in the tussle. Thereafter, all the Tusi in Dehong surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1659. The war between the Qing and
Konbaung
The Konbaung dynasty ( my, ကုန်းဘောင်ခေတ်, ), also known as Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်) and formerly known as the Alompra dynasty (အလောင်းဘ ...
dynasties from
1765 to 1769 also extended to the Dehong area.
In 1875, a British translator,
Augustus Raymond Margary
Augustus Raymond Margary (26 May 1846 – 21 February 1875) was a British diplomat and explorer. The murder of Margary and his entire staff, while surveying overland Asian trade routes, sparked the Margary Affair which led to the Chefoo Conve ...
, and his four personal staff members were murdered in west of
Yingjiang County
Yingjiang County (; th, เมืองหล้า) is a county in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Kachin State to the west.
Geography
Yingjiang county has a border of with Kachin State, Myanmar in the west. Th ...
. This was an important non-governmental crisis in
Sino-British relations and came to be known as the "
Margary Affair
The Margary Affair ( or 滇案; ''Diān àn'') was a crisis in Sino-British relations, which followed the murder of British official Augustus Raymond Margary in 1875.
As part of efforts to explore overland trade routes between British India and ...
". This event was followed by the signing of the ''
Yantai Treaty.''
In 1894, during a Britain-China border convention,
[The convention in the English language named ''Convention between China and Great Britain giving effect to Article III of the Convention of 24 July 1886 relative to Burmah and Thibet'', and in the Chinese language named 《》] certain sections of
the China–Myanmar border to the south of the "High Conical Peak"() were delimited,
and an agreement was reached that the Qing dynasty would open two border ports between Burma and China: Manyun () and Zhanxi ().
In 1897, another agreement was signed
[. The agreement in the English language was called the ''Agreement between China and Great Britain Modifying the Convention of 1 March 1894 relative to Burmah and Thibet'', and in the Chinese language it was called 《》] and three parts of the area around Dehong were incorporated into Burma although the convention in 1894 had determined they were part of China,
and four of the border checkpoints which were established by Chen Yongbin in the Ming dynasty were also incorporated into Burma.
Under this agreement, the British government leased the "
Namwan Assigned Tract
Namwan Assigned Tract, also known as Meng-Mao Triangular Area, is a area situated at the junction of the Shweli River and Namwan River in the southern Kachin State of Myanmar. It was the territory of China but "perpetual lease" to British Burma ...
" in the southwest of Dehong with the rent of 1,000
Rupee
Rupee is the common name for the currencies of
India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, B ...
s a year.
Finally, China didn't receive this region back and used it to exchange another area in the west of
Cangyuan in 1960.
After the Qing dynasty
After the
Wuchang Uprising
The Wuchang Uprising was an armed rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that took place in Wuchang (now Wuchang District of Wuhan), Hubei, China on 10 October 1911, beginning the Xinhai Revolution that successfully overthrew China's last i ...
occurred in October 1911, Ganya Tusi
Dao Anren
Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to:
* Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept
* Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword
* Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people
People and language
* Yao people, a minority ethnic ...
() launched an uprising at
Tengyue
Tengchong () is a county-level city of Baoshan City, western Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It is well known for its volcanic activity. The city is named after the town of Tengchong which serves as its political center, previously kn ...
on 27 October 1911. Under the Republic of China, the Yunnan government tried to eliminate the
Tusi
''Tusi'', often translated as "headmen" or "chieftains", were hereditary tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties of China, and the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties of Vietnam. They ruled certain et ...
system and replace Tusi with state-appointed officials, but the Tusi officials opposed the change. Therefore, special administrative divisions were formed to support the period of transition. The administrative titles included Suppress Committee () and Deputy County () between 1911 and 1917, District and Deputy County between 1917 and 1932, and Administrative Bureau () after 1932.
The Tusi system existed until the land reform movement in 1955. The administrative bureaus after 1932 included
Luxi,
Ruili
Ruili (; tdd, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; shn, မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; th, เมืองมาว; my, ရွှေလီ) is a county-level city of Dehong Prefecture, in the west of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. It ...
,
Longchuan,
Yingjiang,
Lianshan, and
Lianghe — they were the predecessors of future counties.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, Dehong was an important strategic location for China. By 1938, the
Burma Road
The Burma Road () was a road linking Burma (now known as Myanmar) with southwest China. Its terminals were Kunming, Yunnan, and Lashio, Burma. It was built while Burma was a British colony to convey supplies to China during the Second Sino-J ...
was built, and it was an important international transit channel after the Japanese army blocked the eastern coast of China. In 1939, the
Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company
The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO; ), also known as the Loiwing Factory (雷允飛機製造廠) after they moved to Yunnan, was a Chinese aircraft manufacturer established by American entrepreneur William D. Pawley in the 1930s.
...
moved to Loiwing in the south-west corner of Ruili, and it was the biggest aircraft manufacturing plant in China at that time.
After World War II
The area was declared an autonomous region in 1953. In May 1956, it became an autonomous prefecture. In 1960, when inter-provincial migration took place many farmers came to
Yunnan
Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in Southwest China, the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is ...
to farm bananas. This was during the "Great Leap Forward" when a biologist working for
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
wrote an article about the weather in Yunnan being very suitable for
banana
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus ''Musa''. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguis ...
s to be planted. Before this, many Chinese were scared of going there because of an illness that lurked about. It was later discovered that this was an identifiable tropical disease. The farmers helped to get rid of the disease. They made clearings, roads, and space for fields and
plantations
A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. The ...
.
Geography
![Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 h-10c](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_h-10c.jpg)
Dehong extends from east to west and from north to south, and its area is .
Demographics
The population of Dehong in 2003 was 1.02 million, 48.17% of whom were
Han Chinese
The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive va ...
, and 51.83% of whom were national minorities, mostly
Dai (
Tai Nua
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (Tai Nüa: ; also called Tai Le, Dehong Dai or Chinese Shan; own name: ''Tai2 Lə6'', which means "Upper Tai" or "Northern Tai" or , ; Chinese: ''Dǎinàyǔ'', 傣那语 or ''Déhóng Dǎiyǔ'', 德宏傣语; th, ภาษ ...
) and
Jingpo.
Climate
Administration
Dehong is divided into three
counties
A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesChambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...
and two
county level cities:
The
prefectural
A prefecture (from the Latin ''Praefectura'') is an administrative jurisdiction traditionally governed by an appointed prefect. This can be a regional or local government subdivision in various countries, or a subdivision in certain international ...
government seat is
Mangshi
Mangshi (; tdd, ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ; Jingpho language, Jingpho: Mangshi Myu), former name Luxi (), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has ...
.
Economy
Dehong is one of the three primary
coffee cultivating regions in Yunnan.
The main coffee planter and processor is
Hogood Coffee
Hogood Coffee () is a Chinese maker of coffee products. It is the largest domestic instant coffee producer.
Corporate affairs
The company's second largest shareholder is Chongqing Energy International (Hong Kong) Co Ltd., which also establishe ...
, which operates a contracting scheme with local farmers. Hogood contracts farm land from
smallholder
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology ...
s on which it plants seedlings, and then re-contracts with farmers to purchase the coffee beans at harvest.
Further reading
* Luo, Yongxian. ''A Grammar of Dehong, Southwest China''. Canberra, ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1999.
Notes
References
External links
Dehong local government site(in Chinese)
Dehong tuanjie bao(magazine in Chinese)
Dehong(from ''Xinhuanet.com'', in Chinese)
{{authority control
Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China
Dai people
Jingpo people