The Defense of Cincinnati occurred during what is now referred to as the

Confederate Heartland Offensive The Confederate Heartland Offensive (August 14 – October 10, 1862), also known as the Kentucky Campaign, was an American Civil War campaign conducted by the Confederate States Army in Tennessee and Kentucky where Generals Braxton Bragg and ...

or Kentucky Campaign of the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...

, from September 1 through September 13, 1862, when

Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line wit ...

was threatened by

Confederate Confederacy or confederate may refer to: States or communities * Confederate state or confederation, a union of sovereign groups or communities * Confederate States of America, a confederation of secessionist American states that existed between 1 ...

forces. Confederate

Brigadier General Brigadier general or Brigade general is a military rank used in many countries. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries. The rank is usually above a colonel, and below a major general or divisional general. When appointed ...

Henry Heth Henry Heth ( not ) (December 16, 1825 – September 27, 1899) was a career United States Army officer who became a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He came to the notice of Robert E. Lee while serving briefly as his quartermast ...

had been sent north to threaten Cincinnati, then the sixth-largest city in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

. Heth was under orders from his superior,

Major General Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of a ...

Edmund Kirby Smith General Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824March 28, 1893) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded the Trans-Mississippi Department (comprising Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, western Louisiana, Arizona Territory and the Indi ...

, not to attack the city, but to instead make a "demonstration". Cincinnati's mayor

George Hatch George Hatch was a Democratic politician, who served as Mayor of the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1863. In late spring 1862, Cincinnati city officials recognized the threat of an attack from Confederate fo ...

ordered all business closed, and

Union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...

Lew Wallace Lewis Wallace (April 10, 1827February 15, 1905) was an American lawyer, Union general in the American Civil War, governor of the New Mexico Territory, politician, diplomat, and author from Indiana. Among his novels and biographies, Wallace is ...

declared martial law, seized sixteen steamboats and had them armed, and organized the citizens of Cincinnati, Covington, and

Newport, Kentucky Newport is a list of Kentucky cities, home rule-class city at the confluence of the Ohio River, Ohio and Licking River (Kentucky), Licking rivers in Campbell County, Kentucky, Campbell County, Kentucky. The population was 15,273 at the 2010 United ...

for defense. Among the groups organized were the "

Black Brigade of Cincinnati The Black Brigade of Cincinnati was a military unit of African-American soldiers, that was organized in 1862 during the American Civil War, when the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, was in danger of being attacked, by the Confederate Army. The members o ...

", a forcibly

conscripted Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...

group of free

African Americans African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...

. Although not armed, the Black Brigade was given its own flag and paid $13 for one month's service, the same pay given to privates at that time. They helped to build fortifications, including miles of military roads, breastworks, forts, and rifle pits in Kenton and Campbell counties from modern-day Fort Thomas to modern-day

Bromley Bromley is a large town in Greater London, England, within the London Borough of Bromley. It is south-east of Charing Cross, and had an estimated population of 87,889 as of 2011. Originally part of Kent, Bromley became a market town, char ...

. Hundreds of acres of forest were cleared and in some locations used as

abatis An abatis, abattis, or abbattis is a field fortification consisting of an obstacle formed (in the modern era) of the branches of trees laid in a row, with the sharpened tops directed outwards, towards the enemy. The trees are usually interlaced ...

obstructions. The fortifications were defended by 25,000

Union Army During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also known as the Federal Army and the Northern Army, referring to the United States Army, was the land force that fought to preserve the Union (American Civil War), Union of the collective U.S. st ...

soldiers and 45,000 local

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

volunteers. Further defensive support of more than 15,000 men was provided by the so-called "Squirrel Hunters"—untrained volunteers from other parts of Ohio who carried outdated equipment. Construction of the defenses was directed by

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...

Charles Whittlesey until relieved by

Major Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...

James H. Simpson James Hervey Simpson (1813–1883) was an officer in the U.S. Army and a member of the United States Corps of Topographical Engineers. Early years He was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on March 9, 1813, the son of John Simpson and Mary Bru ...

, chief of

Topographical Engineers The U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was a branch of the United States Army authorized on 4 July 1838. It consisted only of officers who were handpicked from West Point and was used for mapping and the design and construction of federal ...

for the

Department of the Ohio The Department of the Ohio was an administrative military district created by the United States War Department early in the American Civil War to administer the troops in the Northern states near the Ohio River. 1st Department 1861–1862 Genera ...

. On September 5, Ohio governor

David Tod David Tod (February 21, 1805 – November 13, 1868) was an American politician and industrialist from the U.S. state of Ohio. As the 25th governor of Ohio, Tod gained recognition for his forceful and energetic leadership during the American Civil ...

announced to the public that no additional volunteers would be needed for the defense of Cincinnati, but he advised that all military organizations be kept up for future needs. Heth and his men marched from

Lexington, Kentucky Lexington is a city in Kentucky, United States that is the county seat of Fayette County, Kentucky, Fayette County. By population, it is the List of cities in Kentucky, second-largest city in Kentucky and List of United States cities by popul ...

on the Lexington Turnpike (present-day

U.S. Route 25 U.S. Route 25 (US 25) is a north–south United States Highway that runs for in the southern and midwestern US. Its southern terminus is in Brunswick, Georgia, from where it proceeds mostly due north, passing through the cities of Augusta, Georg ...

), arriving south of Covington on September 6. After reconnoitering the defenses at various points, he determined that an attack was pointless. Heth's forces stayed only a few days, skirmishing with members of the

101st Ohio Infantry The 101st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 101st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 101st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Service The 101st Ohio Infantry was organized at Monroeville, Ohio, and mustered ...

103rd Ohio Infantry The 103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 103rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry was a three-years' infantry regiment from northeastern Ohio that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It participated in many of the campaigns ...

and

104th Ohio Infantry The 104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 104th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. It played a conspicuous role at the Battle of Franklin during the 1864 Franklin-Nashville Campaign ...

near Fort Mitchel on September 10–11 and returning south to Lexington on September 12, 1862. On September 12, Wallace telegraphed Major General

Horatio Wright Horatio Gouverneur Wright (March 6, 1820 – July 2, 1899) was an engineer and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He took command of the VI Corps in May 1864 following the death of General John Sedgwick. In this capacity, he ...

(commander of the Department of the Ohio) in Cincinnati: "The skedaddle is complete; every sign of a rout. If you say so I will organize a column of 20,000 men to pursue to-night." The large pursuit was never ordered as most of the military forces were sent via steamboats to

Louisville, Kentucky Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border ...

to prevent capture by

General A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...

Braxton Bragg Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was an American army officer during the Second Seminole War and Mexican–American War and Confederate general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, serving in the Weste ...

. However, small scouting forces were sent southward to harass the rear-guard of Heth's forces. A skirmish occurred at

Florence, Kentucky Florence is a home rule-class city in Boone County, Kentucky, United States. Florence is the second largest city located in Northern Kentucky, after Covington, and part of the Greater Cincinnati Metropolitan Area. The population was 31,946 at ...

, on September 17. Another skirmish occurred near

Walton, Kentucky Walton is a home rule-class city in Boone and Kenton counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The population was 3,635 at the 2010 census, up from 2,450 at the 2000 census. History Walton was established in 1840. The railroad was extended to Wa ...

on September 25, when Colonel

Basil W. Duke Basil Wilson Duke (May 28, 1838 – September 16, 1916) was a Confederate States Army, Confederate general officer during the American Civil War. His most noted service in the war was as second-in-command for his brother-in-law John Hunt Mo ...

attacked a Union camp of approximately 500 men near Snow's Pond. For his vigorous defense of the city, Wallace earned the nickname "Savior of Cincinnati". Within a month of the panic, the Squirrel Hunters returned to their homes.

Fortifications built by the Black Brigade

Preparations-for-defense-cincinnati-1862

Seven hundred and six members of the

built fortifications in Kentucky to protect Cincinnati from attack by Confederate soldiers. They had no weapons and only had a few cavalry scouts between them and Confederate troops. The brigade worked until September 20, when there was no longer a threat to Cincinnati. When they were done, hundreds of acres of forests had been cleared and in some locations used as

obstructions. Miles of rifle pits were dug. They had built forts, magazines, and miles of military roads and breastworks along the border with Northern Kentucky between Fort Thomas and

. The fortifications were built far enough away from Cincinnati that they could not shell the city.

The defenses

In September 1862, one earthwork fort and five earthwork batteries were extant in

Kenton County Kenton County is a county located in the northern part of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 169,064, making it the third most populous county in Kentucky (behind Jefferson County and Fayette County). Its ...

and only three earthwork batteries in Campbell County, all having been constructed in 1861. Two earthwork batteries protecting the city's flanks were located on hills at the west and east sides of Cincinnati. Altogether, the defenses were armed with just 15 heavy guns. When Wallace moved his headquarters from Cincinnati to Kentucky, he selected the main building at the Thompson Winery that was designated Fort Henry, although no earthworks were ever constructed on the site. It was the approximate center of the line of fortifications and telegraph lines connected each of the earthwork positions with his headquarters. Following the threat, many more batteries and forts were constructed through November 1864, mostly under the direction of

Kentucky batteries

Unless otherwise noted, all traces of these earthworks are gone.

Kenton County

* J. L. Kirby Smith Battery - Located in the southwest area of modern Ludlow. It was named for Colonel Joseph L. Kirby Smith,

43rd Ohio Infantry The 43rd Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Service The 43rd Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized in Mount Vernon, Ohio September 28, 1861, through February 1, 1862, and mustered in f ...

, who was mortally wounded at the

Second Battle of Corinth The second Battle of Corinth (which, in the context of the American Civil War, is usually referred to as the Battle of Corinth, to differentiate it from the siege of Corinth earlier the same year) was fought October 3–4, 1862, in Corinth, M ...

, October 1862. * Coombs Battery - Believed to be named for Leslie Coombs, a member of Wallace's staff. Remains of this battery are found in Covington's Devou Park. * Bates Battery - Brigadier General

Joshua Hall Bates Joshua Hall Bates (March 5, 1817 – July 26, 1908) was a lawyer, politician, and Ohio militia general in service to the Union during the early part of the American Civil War. He was a leading recruiter and organizer of many of the first regi ...

, chairman of the Cincinnati Committee for Public Safety, was the namesake for this battery. Well-preserved, Bates Battery is located in Devou Park, but is difficult to reach. * Perry Battery - Named for Cincinnati attorney

Aaron F. Perry Aaron Fyfe Perry (January 1, 1815 – March 11, 1893) was an American lawyer and politician who briefly served as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1871 to 1872 Biography Born in Leicester, Vermont, Perry attended the public schools and Yale ...

. * Rich Battery - Named for Stephen Rich, landowner of the site. This position was built in 1861 and by the time of Heth's threat, it was considered out of position and unusable. It was referred to as "Old Battery" on military maps. * Fort Mitchel - Constructed in 1861 and named for Major General Ormsby M. Mitchel, who originally directed the construction of Cincinnati's defenses in November 1861. (The city of

Fort Mitchell, Kentucky Fort Mitchell is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 8,702 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. History Fort Mitchell was the site of one of seven Civil War fortifi ...

, chartered in 1909, derives its name from both the fort and the general, although misspelling his name.) The fort was greatly expanded in 1863–1864. Today, only the road leading up to the fort remains. * Kyle Battery - Located immediately northeast of Fort Mitchel on a farm owned by Robert S. Kyle. The site was destroyed by construction of

Interstate 75 Interstate 75 (I-75) is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the Great Lakes and Southeastern regions of the United States. As with most Interstates that end in 5, it is a major cross-country, north–south route, traveling from S ...

. * McRae Battery - Named for

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...

Alexander McRae, 3rd United States Cavalry, killed in action at the

Battle of Valverde The Battle of Valverde, also known as the Battle of Valverde Ford, was fought from February 20 to 21, 1862, near the town of Val Verde at a ford of the Rio Grande in Union-held New Mexico Territory, in what is today the state of New Mexico. It ...

New Mexico Territory The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912. It was created from the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico, as a result of ''Santa Fe de Nuevo México ...

, in February 1862. * Fort Wright - Constructed in 1863, this fortification was left uncompleted in 1864. Designed for thirteen heavy guns, Fort Wright could cover all of the ground from the front of Kyle Battery eastward to the Licking River. It was named for Major General Horatio Wright, commander of the Department of the Ohio. The city of

Fort Wright, Kentucky Fort Wright is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 5,723 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. Geography Fort Wright is located in northern Kenton County at (3 ...

derives its name from this fortification. * Hooper Battery - Initially designated Kyle Battery, it was along the same ridge as McRae. The site of the battery was covered over with earth to make a level back yard for a private home that was the now-defunct

James A. Ramage Civil War Museum The James A. Ramage Civil War Museum sought to tell the untold story of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Northern Kentucky's involvement in the American Civil War. Although no battles occurred there, the people of the area resisted a push by the Confederate ...

. * Carlisle Battery - Named for local attorney and politician John G. Carlisle. * Burbank Battery - Named for

Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colone ...

Sidney Burbank Sidney Burbank (October 1807 – December 7, 1882) served as an officer in the regular army before and during the American Civil War. For a time he led a brigade in the Army of the Potomac. Pre-war service Burbank was born in Lexington, Mass ...

, who was military commander of Cincinnati. Burbank was promoted to colonel, September 16, 1862. * Hatch Battery - Alternately known as Brickyard Battery, it was named for Cincinnati's mayor George H. Hatch. * Buford Battery - Constructed in 1863 and named for Kentucky half-brothers and generals

Napoleon Bonaparte Buford Napoleon Bonaparte Buford (January 13, 1807 – March 28, 1883) was an American soldier, Union general in the American Civil War, and railroad executive. He was the half-brother of the famous Gettysburg hero, John Buford, but never attained his ...

and

John Buford John Buford, Jr. (March 4, 1826 – December 16, 1863) was a United States Army cavalry officer. He fought for the Union as a brigadier general during the American Civil War. Buford is best known for having played a major role in the first day o ...

. This position was selected to command the ground from Fort Wright to Holt Battery in Campbell County. * Burnet Battery - First known as Quarry Battery, it was renamed for Robert W. Burnet, commander of a local militia unit from the Cincinnati Literary Club, known as the Burnet Rifles. * Anderson Battery - First known as Tunnel Battery, due to being located directly above a railroad tunnel (still in use), it was renamed for Larz Anderson, a Cincinnati businessman, married to Catherine Longworth, daughter of Nicholas Longworth. Larz was the brother of Brevet Major General Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter.The Descendants of Richard Clough Anderson, compiled and produced by Don Perry, Feb 1, 2017 Minor traces of this earthwork and a few rifle pits can still be seen.

Campbell County

* Wiggins Battery - This position overlooked the Licking River valley and was named for Samuel Wiggins, a Cincinnati banker and realtor. It was also known as John's Hill Battery. * Holt Battery - Originally known as Three Mile Creek Battery and alternately as Licking Point Battery, it was named for Major General

Joseph Holt Joseph Holt (January 6, 1807 – August 1, 1894) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician. As a leading member of the Buchanan administration, he succeeded in convincing Buchanan to oppose the secession of the South. He returned to Ke ...

Judge Advocate General of the Army The Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (TJAG) is the senior officer of the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the United States Army. Under Title 10 of the United States Code, the TJAG is appointed by the President of the United State ...

. This easily accessible earthwork is owned by Vista Pointe Apartments in

Wilder, Kentucky Wilder is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 3,035 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan area. Geography Wilder is located at (39.047304, −84.47737 ...

; residential construction has destroyed much of the site north of the earthwork. * McLean Battery - Also known as Locust Hill Battery, it was named for Major Nathaniel H. McLean, Chief of Staff for the Department of the Ohio. * Harrison Battery - Believed to have been named for Montgomery Pike Harrison an Indiana officer killed in Texas by Indians in 1849. * Shaler Battery - Located on property owned by Dr. Nathaniel B. Shaler, chief surgeon of the

Newport Barracks Newport Barracks was a military barracks on the Ohio River, across from Cincinnati, Ohio in Newport, Kentucky. It was operational from 1803 until 1894. History In 1803, James Taylor Jr. solicited the help of his cousin, James Madison, who was th ...

, and then in use as a vineyard but adjacent to Evergreen Cemetery. Today, the cemetery encompasses the entire Shaler property. The first earthwork built on the site was leveled by U.S. Army Engineers. A larger earthwork was constructed behind the original position and remains intact. This is the most easily accessible of the remaining defensive positions. * Groesbeck Batteries - Referred to as Batteries 1 & 2, Groesbeck, these two small positions were built in 1864 to guard the approaches to Fort Burnside. They were named for

William S. Groesbeck William Slocum Groesbeck (July 24, 1815 – July 7, 1897) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1857 to 1859. Early life Groesbeck was born in Kinderhook, New York, on July 24, 1815. He ...

, a Cincinnati lawyer and politician. * Phil Kearny Battery - Originally named Beech Woods Battery, it was renamed for Major General

Philip Kearny Philip Kearny Jr. (; June 1, 1815 – September 1, 1862) was a United States Army officer, notable for his leadership in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War. He was killed in action in the 1862 Battle of Chantilly. Early life and c ...

, who was killed at the

battle of Chantilly The Battle of Chantilly (or Ox Hill, the Confederate name) took place on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps ...

, September 1, 1862. * Fort Burnside - Constructed in 1863, this elaborate earthwork fort commanded the area from Shaler Battery to Fort Whittlesey. It was named for Major General

Ambrose Burnside Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American army officer and politician who became a senior Union general in the Civil War and three times Governor of Rhode Island, as well as being a successful inventor ...

, commander of the Department of the Ohio, 1863–1864. * Fort Whittlesey - Named for Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who had retired a few months before the threat to Cincinnati and was called back into service by Wallace, his former division commander. * Battery Lee - Constructed in 1863 to overlook the Ohio River valley to the east and named for R. W. Lee, whose identity is still unknown. The earthwork was leveled for the construction of a parade ground for Fort Thomas in 1890.

Ohio batteries

* Price's Hill Battery - Located on the western edge of Cincinnati overlooking the Ohio River. * Mount Adams Battery - Located on the eastern side of Cincinnati near

Immaculata Church The Church of the Immaculata, or Immaculata Church, is a Roman Catholic church atop Mt. Adams, a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. The church commemorates the Immaculate Conception and serves the Holy Cross–Immaculata Parish in the Archdiocese ...

on Mount Adams. The present site is known as Fort View Place. * Butcher's Hill Battery - Located near the present site of

Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park The Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park is a regional theatre in the United States. It was founded in 1959 by college student Gerald Covell and was one of the first regional theatres in the United States. Located in Eden Park, the first play that pr ...

Eden Park Eden Park is New Zealand's largest sports stadium, with a capacity of 50,000. Located in central Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, it is three kilometres southwest of the CBD, on the boundary between the suburbs of Mount Eden and King ...

Notes

Sources

* Adams, Roger C. "Panic on the Ohio: The Defense of Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport, September 1862" ''The Journal of Kentucky Studies'' 9 (September 1992), pp. 80–98. * Heth, Henry. ''The Memoirs of Henry Heth'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1974. * Pinney, Nelson A. ''History of the 104th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry from 1862 to 1865'' (Akron, OH: Werner and Lohmann), 1886. * Ramage, James A. "Panic on the Ohio!: Confederates March on Cincinnati, September 1862 - II. Panic in Cincinnati" ''Blue & Gray Magazine'' Vol. 3, No. 5 (April–May 1986), pp. 11–15. * Roth, David E. "Panic on the Ohio!: Confederates March on Cincinnati, September 1862 - III. 'Squirrel Hunters' to the Rescue" ''Blue & Gray Magazine'' Vol. 3, No. 5 (April–May 1986), pp. 16–18. * U.S. War Department
''The War of the Rebellion''
''A Compilation of the

Official Records The ''Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion'', commonly known as the ''Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies'' or Official Records (OR or ORs), is the most extensive collection of Americ ...

of the Union and Confederate Armies'', Series I, Volume 16, Part II (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 1886. ee pages 470-511.* U.S. War Department
''The War of the Rebellion''
''A Compilation of the

of the Union and Confederate Armies'', Series I, Volume 52, Part I (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 1886. * Walden, Geoffrey R.
"Panic on the Ohio!: Confederates March on Cincinnati, September 1862 - I. Introduction"
''Blue & Gray Magazine'' Vol. 3, No. 5 (April–May 1986), pp. 7–8. * Walden, Geoffrey R.
"Panic on the Ohio!: Confederates March on Cincinnati, September 1862 - IV. The Defenses of Cincinnati"
''Blue & Gray Magazine'' Vol. 3, No. 5 (April–May 1986), pp. 19–29.

External links

National flag of the Black Brigade

Kentucky Historical Marker
{{Navboxes , list = {{Kentucky in the Civil War {{American Civil War , expanded=CTCBS Confederate Heartland Offensive Cincinnati in the American Civil War Campbell County, Kentucky Kenton County, Kentucky 1862 in Kentucky Military operations of the American Civil War in Ohio Military operations of the American Civil War in Kentucky September 1862 events