The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
on 8 August 1914, four days after it entered the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and was added to as the war progressed. It gave the
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
wide-ranging powers during the war, such as the power to
requisition
Requisition may refer to:
* Purchase requisition, a document issued by a buyer to a seller indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services
*Requisition in military logistics
*Requisition of property by a government under ...
buildings or land needed for the
war effort
In politics and military planning, a war effort is a coordinated mobilization of society's resources—both industrial and human—towards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative si ...
, or to make regulations creating criminal offences.
DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian
social control mechanisms, such as
censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...
:
"No person shall by word of mouth or in writing spread reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm among any of His Majesty's forces or among the civilian population"
Anti-war activists, including
John MacLean,
Willie Gallacher,
John William Muir
John William Muir (15 December 1879 – 11 January 1931) was the editor of ''The Worker'', a newspaper of the Clyde Workers' Committee, who was prosecuted under the Defence of the Realm Act for an article criticising the war.
Born in Glasgow, b ...
, and
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, ...
, were sent to prison. The film, ''
The Dop Doctor'', was prohibited under the act by the South African government with the justification that its portrayal of Boers during the
Siege of Mafeking
The siege of Mafeking was a 217-day siege battle for the town of Mafeking (now called Mafikeng) in South Africa during the Second Boer War from October 1899 to May 1900. The siege received considerable attention as Lord Edward Cecil, the son of ...
would antagonise
Afrikaners
Afrikaners () are a South African ethnic group descended from Free Burghers, predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th and 18th centuries.Entry: Cape Colony. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: ...
.
The trivial peacetime activities no longer permitted included flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic drinks were watered down and
pub
A pub (short for public house) is a kind of drinking establishment which is licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term ''public house'' first appeared in the United Kingdom in late 17th century, and was ...
opening times were restricted to 12pm–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted in England until the
Licensing Act 1988
The Licensing Act 1988 is a statute, applying to England and Wales, which among other things, extended permissible opening hours for public houses to 11am to 11pm. Previously pubs were not generally allowed to open between 3:00pm and 5:30pm.
S ...
).
Intention
![Postal censorship message 1916 IWM Documents](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Postal_censorship_message_1916_IWM_Documents.8252.jpg)
Like most wartime acts, the Defence of the Realm Act was designed to help prevent potential invasion and to keep homeland morale at a high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of letters coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other operational information that would potentially be exploited by the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy or not would have been sentenced to death. 10 people were executed under the regulations.
Though some of the act's rules and provisions are questionable by today's standards, they were in a way jusitifed. Otherwise innocent activities such as flying a kite or lighting a bonfire were prone to possibly attracting enemy aircraft, and feeding wild animals was a waste of food, especially after rationing was introduced in 1918 near the end of the war.
The original Act, its amendment, and consolidation
Section 1(1) of the Defence of the Realm Act read as follows:
[Defence of the Realm Act](_blank)
''The National Archives
National archives are central archives maintained by countries. This article contains a list of national archives.
Among its more important tasks are to ensure the accessibility and preservation of the information produced by governments, both ...
''
The original Act was amended and extended six times over the course of the War,
[Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)](_blank)
in ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History'', Dr Spencer C Tucker, vol. 2, pp 341–2. firstly on 28 August 1914 by the Defence of the Realm (No. 2) Act 1914,
and on 27 November 1914 by the Defence of the Realm (Consolidation Act), 1914 (which repealed and replaced the previous Acts).
It was amended three times in 1915, by the Defence of the Realm (Amendment) Acts, 1915 (5 Geo. 5, cc. 34, 37), and (5 & 6 Geo. 5, c. 42).
The Defence of the Realm (Consolidation Act), 1914 contained the following:
Similar legislation
See also
*
Munitions of War Act 1915
The Munitions of War Act 1915 was a British Act of Parliament passed on 2 July 1915 during the First World War. It was designed to maximize munitions output and brought private companies supplying the armed forces under the tight control of the ne ...
References
Further reading
Digital reproduction of the Original Act from the Parliamentary Archives catalogue
External links
*
* Hynes, Gregory
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), in
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Open Library - August 1918 edition of Defence of the Realm Manual
{{UK legislation
1914 in military history
Emergency laws in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1914
United Kingdom in World War I
United Kingdom military law
World War I legislation