The Decree of Aristoteles (''
Inscriptiones Graecae
The ''Inscriptiones Graecae'' (IG), Latin for ''Greek inscriptions'', is an academic project originally begun by the Prussian Academy of Science, and today continued by its successor organisation, the . Its aim is to collect and publish all known ...
'' II
2 43) was a decree passed by the
Athenian Assembly
The ecclesia or ekklesia ( el, ) was the assembly of the citizens in city-states of ancient Greece.
The ekklesia of Athens
The ekklesia of ancient Athens is particularly well-known. It was the popular assembly, open to all male citizens as so ...
in February or March 377 BC. The decree is preserved as the inscription on a
stele
A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), whe ...
; it is the most important
epigraphical source for the
Second Athenian Confederacy. The stele was originally erected near the statue of Zeus Eleutherios and in front of the
Stoa of Zeus in Athens. The decree, often known as the "Charter of the Second Athenian Confederacy", formalized earlier Athenian diplomacy inviting states to join Athens and her allies in a permanent alliance. The stele lists around sixty states as being members of the Second Athenian Confederacy, although it is possible that additional states may have also been members.
The Decree of Aristoteles was notable for limiting the overreaching power of Athens over its allies that was characteristic of the
Athenian Empire
The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plat ...
. The decree primarily consisted of rules governing the rights of states in the Confederacy, such as the right to self governance, restrictions on property ownership in outside territories, and military defense of other states in the League. The inscription of the decree was first published in 1852, and it has received much attention from scholars since then.
Description of stele
![IG II2 43](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/IG_II2_43.jpg)
The stele has been rebuilt from twenty fragments and is for the most part well maintained, despite its bottom being missing. While its original height is unknown, the stele in its current form is tall, wide with slight tapering, and thick. The shape and content of the stele indicate that very little of it is missing. The stele consists of multiple sections. The top contains a date and introductory area, while the next section consists of the original decree, followed by a list of names of city states, leagues, and individuals. The bottom part of the stele includes an amendment to the original decree and a short concluding entry. There is also a left lateral face of the stele containing an additional list of names. The variance in the sizes and shapes of the letters inscribed on the stone indicate that the stele was cut by at least three different stonemasons.
Preservation of the stele
The text of the original decree is visible and useful for study. The amendment to the stele, on the other hand, has not been well preserved and has not been completely restored. Some of the names listed in this section are cut off, while a couple lines appear to have been partially erased. Some of the lesser preserved parts of the stele appear to have been edited or modified in other historical periods, while some are simply fragmented or worn down. The fragmented and erased parts of the stele, in addition to the names on the left lateral face of the stele, are at the heart of disagreements between scholars. The stele is currently held in the
Epigraphical Museum
The Epigraphical Museum ( el, Επιγραφικόν μουσείον) of Athens, Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, a ...
of Athens.
Contents and significance of the Decree
The decree joins Athens and all named allies in an alliance. The decree assures guarantees and protections to all states in the alliance. The defensive alliance formed by the decree required Athens and its allies to come to the aid of any ally under attack. Notably and unlike in previous alliances, the decree promises "autonomy" and "freedom" to all named states joining the alliance. Allied states were also to be treated equally under the decree with no special privileges allotted to any one state. Additionally, the decree promises self-government for the member states and notably does not impose "garrisons, governors and tribute". These guarantees lie in contrast to the
Delian League
The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Pl ...
and the Athenian Empire, particularly in that the member states did not owe tribute to Athens, and that member states could run their preferred form of government rather than having a democracy imposed upon them. The promise of autonomy in the decree only applied to members of the alliance, not to all the states of Greece.
The decree also forbids Athens from holding any form of land in the territories of its allies. To enforce this rule, the decree further spells out mechanisms for Athens' allies to hold Athens in check. Additionally, territories already in Athens' possession were to be relinquished within a certain time period. The
synedrion A synedrion or synhedrion (Greek: συνέδριον, "sitting together", hence "assembly" or "council"; he, סנהדרין, ''sanhedrin'') is an assembly that holds formal sessions. The Latinized form is synedrium.
Depending on the widely varied ...
of the Second Athenian League established by the decree, in which Athens held no vote, acted as a court for the Confederacy and made decisions concerning the property of Athens. The rules limiting Athens' territorial holdings were likely in response to lingering distaste from Athens' actions in the 5th century, when the Athenian Empire would confiscate land from its allies.
The stele of the Decree of Aristoteles also served as a record keeper of the members of the Confederacy. A state joining the Second Athenian Confederacy was either recruited or required to apply and consequently completed a set of oaths. Before being added to the stele of the Decree of Aristoteles, an applicant state's magistrates had to submit an oath to a committee sent by the Confederacy. After the oath was completed and the state's name was added to the stele, the state was privy to the protections and benefits of the decree, and the state's representatives were allowed to join the synedrion of the Second Athenian League. Names were added to the stele after the original decree. One state also seems to have been removed from the stele (possibly Iasos). After the 370s the Athenians stopped adding new names to the list, even though the alliance continued to grow.
Protection from Sparta and assurances to Persia
A portion of the decree was designed to offer protection to Greek states from Sparta. In particular, states were worried about Sparta infringing upon their freedom and autonomy, as well as the growing force of Spartan imperialism. In addition, the decree also signaled to Persia that the Second Athenian Confederacy would not infringe upon their control of other Greek states by specifically not recruiting states under the control of Persia's king or otherwise violating the
King's Peace. In this way, the military threat posed by Persia was placated.
Some scholars contend that the Decree of Aristoteles should therefore be perceived as a work of Athenian propaganda, designed to counteract Sparta and pacify Persia. The objective of decree, it is argued, was for Athens to remove the fear of Greek states to join an alliance. From this point of view, the Decree of Aristoteles can be seen as a diplomatic offensive by Athens in response to the growing threat of Sparta during this time period. Other scholars contend that these views are overstated, as evidenced by Athens by in large following the rules outlined in the decree.
The clause dealing with Persia was later deleted. It is most likely that this occurred in or after 367 BC, when Athens became hostile to Persia. Expressions of hostility to Sparta were not removed, even after Athens and Sparta became allies in 369 BC.
Athens honors the Decree
Scholars agree that Athens for the most part kept the promises made to its allies in the decree. There is no evidence that Athens infringed on the freedom or autonomy of allied states by imposing a system of government upon them, nor did league members ever pay tribute to Athens. Additionally, there is little evidence that any of the allied states in the decree were given special treatment. Athens also came to the defense of numerous allied states as dictated by the defensive alliance provision of the decree. In contrast, allied states did not always come to the defense of Athens when it was under attack.
Athens' bilateral alliances outside of the Confederacy
Despite the general agreement that Athens by and large followed the decree's promises, some historians believe that Athens maintained the imperialistic aspirations that the decree was designed to curb. While this did not affect the allied states named in the decree, it is suggested that after 375 BC, Athens began forming alliances with other states without adding them to the decree, keeping these relationships to itself instead. While some scholars contend that Athens formed these alliances to rebuild its self as an imperialist power, other scholars argue that many of the bilateral alliances that Athens formed outside of the Confederacy either included the allied states of the Confederacy, or were in direct response to the threat of
Philip II Philip II may refer to:
* Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BC)
* Philip II (emperor) (238–249), Roman emperor
* Philip II, Prince of Taranto (1329–1374)
* Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (1342–1404)
* Philip II, Duke of Savoy (1438-1497)
* Philip ...
upon Greek states. Some scholars also claim that Athens honored the decree more than some of the other allied states listed in the decree, particularly when it came to aiding allies militarily.
Translations
*
Georg Busolt
Georg Busolt (13 November 1850 – 2 September 1920) was a German historian of Classical history.
Busolt, born at Gut Kepurren near Insterburg, was the son of the East Prussian landowner Adolf Julius Busolt (1818–1900). He attended the Gymnasium ...
, 1874
* F. H. Marshall, 1905
* Silvio Accame, 1941
* Jack Cargill, 1981
*
P.J. Rhodes and
Robin Osborne
Robin Grimsey Osborne, (born 11 March 1957) is an English historian of classical antiquity, who is particularly interested in Ancient Greece.
Early life
He grew up in Little Bromley, attending Little Bromley County Primary School and then Colche ...
, 2003
References
Bibliography
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External links
* Greek text
IG II² 43from
Packard Humanities Institute
The Packard Humanities Institute (PHI) is a non-profit foundation, established in 1987, and located in Los Altos, California, which funds projects in a wide range of conservation concerns in the fields of archaeology, music, film preservation, an ...
.
* {{cite web , last1=Lambert , first1=Stephen , last2=Rhodes , first2=P.J. , title=RO 22: Decree inviting states to join the Second Athenian League, 378/7 BC , url=https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/IGII2/43 , website=Attic Inscriptions Online , access-date=17 November 2022 , language=en
Treaties of Athens
Greek inscriptions
Athenian Empire
4th-century BC treaties
Aristoteles
Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of phi ...
377 BC