De Boor algorithm

In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis de Boor's algorithmC. de Boor 971 "Subroutine package for calculating with B-splines", Techn.Rep. LA-4728-MS, Los Alamos Sci.Lab, Los Alamos NM; p. 109, 121. is a polynomial-time and numerically stable algorithm for evaluating spline curves in B-spline form. It is a generalization of de Casteljau's algorithm for Bézier curves. The algorithm was devised by Carl R. de Boor. Simplified, potentially faster variants of the de Boor algorithm have been created but they suffer from comparatively lower stability.

Introduction

A general introduction to B-splines is given in the main article. Here we discuss de Boor's algorithm, an efficient and numerically stable scheme to evaluate a spline curve $\mathbf(x)$ at position $x$. The curve is built from a sum of B-spline functions $B_(x)$ multiplied with potentially vector-valued constants $\mathbf_i$, called control points,

:$\mathbf(x) = \sum_i \mathbf_i B_(x).$

B-splines of order $p + 1$ are connected piece-wise polynomial functions of degree $p$ defined over a grid of knots $$ (we always use zero-based indices in the following). De Boor's algorithm uses O(p²) + O(p) operations to evaluate the spline curve. Note: the main article about B-splines and the classic publications use a different notation: the B-spline is indexed as $B_(x)$ with $n = p + 1$.

Local support

B-splines have local support, meaning that the polynomials are positive only in a finite domain and zero elsewhere. The Cox-de Boor recursion formulaC. de Boor, p. 90 shows this:

:$B_(x) := \begin 1 & \text \quad t_i \leq x < t_ \\ 0 & \text \end$

:$B_(x) := \frac B_(x) + \frac B_(x).$

Let the index $k$ define the knot interval that contains the position, $x \in$Python programming language is a naive implementation of the optimized algorithm.

def deBoor(k: int, x: int, t, c, p: int):
"""Evaluates S(x).

Arguments
---------
k: Index of knot interval that contains x.
x: Position.
t: Array of knot positions, needs to be padded as described above.
c: Array of control points.
p: Degree of B-spline.
"""
d = [c[j + k - p] for j in range(0, p + 1)]

for r in range(1, p + 1):
for j in range(p, r - 1, -1):
alpha = (x - t[j + k - p]) / (t[j + 1 + k - r] - t[j + k - p])
d[j] = (1.0 - alpha) * d - 1+ alpha * d
return d

See also

*De Casteljau's algorithm
*Bézier curve
*NURBS

External links

De Boor's Algorithm

Computer code

PPPACK
contains many spline algorithms in Fortran

GNU Scientific Library
C-library, contains a sub-library for splines ported from PPPACK

SciPy
Python-library, contains a sub-library ''scipy.interpolate'' with spline functions based on FITPACK

TinySpline
C-library for splines with a C++ wrapper and bindings for C#, Java, Lua, PHP, Python, and Ruby

Einspline
C-library for splines in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions with Fortran wrappers

References

Works cited
*{{cite book , author = Carl de Boor , title = A Practical Guide to Splines, Revised Edition , publisher = Springer-Verlag , year = 2003, isbn=0-387-95366-3

Numerical analysis
Splines (mathematics)
Interpolation