Dayi Daoxin (

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...

: 道信;

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese for ...

: ''Dàoxìn;''

Wade–Giles Wade–Giles () is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade, during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's '' Chinese–English Dictionary'' of ...

: ''Tao-hsin;'' Romanji: ''Dōshin''), who lived from 580–651, was the fourth

Chán Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...

Buddhist Patriarch, following

Jianzhi Sengcan Jianzhi Sengcan (; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, Pīnyīn: ''Jiànzhì Sēngcàn''; Wade–Giles: ; Romanization of Japanese, Romanji: ) is known as the Third Chinese Patriarch of Chán after Bodhidharma and thirtieth Patriarch after Siddhārtha Gautama Buddh ...

(

: 鑑智僧璨;

Pīnyīn Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese fo ...

: ''Jiànzhì Sēngcàn'';

: ''Chien-chih Seng-ts'an''; Romanji: ''Kanchi Sōsan'') and preceding

Daman Hongren Hongren (, 601–674), posthumous name ''Daman'', was the 5th Patriarch of Chan Buddhism (Chinese: 禅宗五祖). Hongren is said to have received Dharma transmission from Dayi Daoxin and passed on the symbolic bowl and robe of transmission to Hu ...

(

: 弘忍;

: ''Hóngrěn'';

: ''Hung²-jen³''; Romanji: ''Kōnin/Gunin'';

Korean romanization Romanization of Korean refers to systems for representing the Korean language in the Latin script. Korea's alphabetic script, called Hangul, has historically been used in conjunction with Hanja (Chinese characters), though such practice has bec ...

: ''Hong'in''). The earliest mention of Daoxin is in the "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (

: 續高僧傳;

: ''Xù Gāosēng Zhuàn'';

: ''Hsü Kao-seng Chuan''; Romanji: ''Zoku Kosoden'') by Tao-hsuan (d. 667). A later source, the "Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure" (

: 傳法寶記;

: ''Chuánfǎ Bǎojì'';

: ''Ch'üanfa Paochi'') written around 712, gives further details of Daoxin's life. As with many of the very earliest Chan masters, the accuracy of the historical record is questionable and in some cases, contradictory in details. The following biography is the traditional story of Daoxin, culled from various sources, including the "Compendium of Five Lamps" (

: 五燈會元;

: ''Wǔdēng Huìyuán)'', compiled in the early thirteenth century by the monk Dachuan Lingyin Puji (1179–1253).

Biography

Daoxin, whose surname was Si-ma, was born in Yongning County, Qizhou (

: 蕲州府永宁县), which is the former Guangji County (

: 湖北省广济县; 742-1987), renamed in 1987 as Wuxue City,

Hubei Province Hubei (; ; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The prov ...

(

: 湖北省武穴市). He began studying Buddhism at the age of seven and although his teacher was a man of impure moral conduct, Daoxin maintained the Buddhist morality on his own without his teacher’s knowledge for five or six years. According to Jianzhi Sengcan’s chronicle in the ''Compendium of Five Lamps'', Daoxin met Sengcan when he was only fourteen years old. The following exchange took place: :Daoxin: I ask for the Master’s compassion. Please instruct me on how to achieve release. :Sengcan: Is there someone who constrains indsyou? :Daoxin: There is no such person. :Sengcan: Why then seek release when you are constrained by no one? Upon hearing these words, Daoxin was enlightened. He attended to Sengcan for the next nine years. When Sengcan went to

Mount Lo-fu Mount is often used as part of the name of specific mountains, e.g. Mount Everest. Mount or Mounts may also refer to: Places * Mount, Cornwall, a village in Warleggan parish, England * Mount, Perranzabuloe, a hamlet in Perranzabuloe parish, C ...

he refused permission for Daoxin to follow him, saying “The

Dharma Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...

has been transmitted from Patriarch odhiharma to me. I am going to the South and will leave you ereto spread and protect he Dharma”(from the ''Ch’üan fa pao chi'') For ten years he studied with Zhikai at Great Woods Temple on

Mount Lu Mountain Lu or Lushan (, Gan: Lu-san), officially named Mountain Lu National Park, is a mountain in China. It was also known as Kuanglu () in ancient times. It is situated in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, and is one of the most renowned mountai ...

. Zhikai (Wade–Giles: Shih-k’ai) was an adept of the

Tiantai Tiantai or T'ien-t'ai () is an East Asian Buddhist school of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed in 6th-century China. The school emphasizes the ''Lotus Sutra's'' doctrine of the "One Vehicle" (''Ekayāna'') as well as Mādhyamaka philosophy, ...

and Sanlun schools and also chanted the Buddha’s name as part of his practice; Daoxin’s practice was influenced by these other schools. Daoxin received ordination as a monk in 607. In 617, Daoxin and some of his disciples traveled to Ji Province (modern

Ji'an City Ji'an () is a prefecture-level city situated in the central region of Jiangxi province of the People's Republic of China while bordering Hunan province to the west. It has an area of and as of the 2020 census, had a population of 4,469,176, of ...

Jiangxi Province Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hi ...

) and entered the town, which was under siege by bandits. Daoxin taught the residents the '' Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra'' (''Perfection of Wisdom'') which caused the bandits to abandon their siege. Daoxin eventually settled at East Mountain Temple on Shuangfeng ("Twin Peaks") where he taught

Chan Buddhism Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...

for thirty years and attracted large numbers of practitioners, some records say five hundred laypeople and monks.McRae, 1986:32 In 643 the emperor Tai Zong invited Daoxin to the capital city but Daoxin refused to appear. Three times the emperor sent emissaries and three times Daoxin refused the invitation. The third time the emperor instructed to either bring back Daoxin or his head. When the emissary related this instruction to Daoxin, Daoxin exposed and stretched out his neck to allow the emissary to chop off his head. The envoy was so shocked he reported this event to the emperor, who then honored Daoxin as an exemplary Buddhist monk. In August, 651, Daoxin ordered his students to build his

stupa A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as ''śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. In Buddhism, circumamb ...

as he was soon to die. According to the ''Hsü kao-seng chuan,'' when asked by his disciples to name a successor, Daoxin replied, “I have made many deputations during my life.” He then died. The emperor Dai Zong honored Daoxin with the posthumous name “Dayi” (Great Healer).

Teachings

The teachings of Daoxin (and his successor, Hongren) are known as the ''

East Mountain Teachings East Mountain Teaching () denotes the teachings of the Fourth Ancestor Dayi Daoxin, his student and heir the Fifth Ancestor Daman Hongren, and their students and lineage of Chan Buddhism. ''East Mountain Teaching'' gets its name from the East M ...

,'' a precursor to the flowering of Chan on a national scale some seventy-five years later at the beginning of the eighth century. Of significance is that Daoxin was the first Chan master to settle at one spot for an extended period of time, developing a stable community life which would lead to monastic Chan communities throughout China. Dumoulin speculates that as alms begging was no longer viable (due to the size of Daoxin’s community and its relative isolation from centers of population), the monks had no choice but to work in the fields and develop administrative skills as well as engage in meditation practice. Henceforth, Chan practice could no longer be confined to the meditation hall but the spirit of practice had to extend to the daily duties as well. The need to extend religious practice to all aspects of one’s life became a central theme in Chan teachings. As the record of Daoxin’s teachings (''The Five Gates of Daoxin'') did not appear until the second decade of the eighth century, after Hongren’s record, its historical accuracy is in some doubt. The ''Chronicle of the Lankavatara Masters'', which appeared in the early eighth century, has Daoxin quoting from the Prajnaparamita (''Perfection of Wisdom'') and ''Pure Land'' sutras but whether study of these sutras formed part of Daoxin’s teachings is unlikely. It is clear, however, that Daoxin taught meditation. The Zen scholar

Seizan Yanagida is a branch of Jōdo-shū Buddhism that was founded by Hōnen's disciple, Shōkū. Shōkū often went by the name ''Seizan'' as well, however the name derives from the western mountains of Kyoto where Shōkū often dwelt. The main temple of this b ...

stated that the expression “''

samadhi ''Samadhi'' (Pali and sa, समाधि), in Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditative consciousness. In Buddhism, it is the last of the eight elements of the Noble Eightfold Path. In the Ashtanga Yoga ...

'' of one practice” was the heart of Daoxin’s practice. ''The Five Gates of Daoxin'' quotes him as saying “Buddha is the mind. Outside of the mind there is no Buddha.” In a later chronicle he is quoted exhorting his students to “Sit earnestly in meditation! Sitting in meditation is basic to all else….Do not read the sutras, discuss with no one!” (ibid) On his deathbed, the ''Compendium of Five Lamps'' records that Daoxin said, “All of the myriad dharmas of the world are to be dropped away. Each of you, protect this understanding and carry it into the future.”Ferguson, 2000:28

References

Sources

* Dumoulin, Heinrich (1994, 1998) Zen Buddhism: A History, Volume I, India and China, Simon & Schuster and Prentice Hall International *Ferguson, Andy (2000) Zen’s Chinese heritage: the masters and their teachings, *McRae, John R (1986) The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch'an Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press, *Zong, Desheng (2005
Three Language-Related Methods in Early Chinese Chan Buddhism
Philosophy East and West 55.4 (Oct 2005) p 584 (19)

Biography

Teachings

References

Sources

Further reading