David Bek

Davit Bek or David Beg (; died 1728) was an Armenian military commander and the leader of an Armenian rebellion against invading Ottoman forces and implanted Safavid Muslim tribes in the mountainous region of Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik and part of the province of Vayots Dzor). He was one of the most prominent military figures of the Armenian liberation movement of the 18th century.

After the fall of the Safavids in 1722, Davit Bek established himself as the military leader of the local Armenians of Syunik and Kapan during the Ottoman Turkish invasion and the attacks of the local Muslim tribes. Davit was successful in preventing the various Muslim tribes from making proper territorial gains. In 1727, in order to put a halt to the Ottoman approach in the area, King Tahmasp II of Iran appointed Davit as the governor of the area, and gave him the right to administer the area as a vassal Armenian principality under Iranian control. Following his death in 1728, he was succeeded by his comrade-in-arms Mkhitar Sparapet as the leader of Armenian forces in Zangezur.

Biography

Little is known about Davit's early life. Most of what is known about him comes from the mid-eighteenth-century Armenian text titled ''Patmutʻiwn Ghapʻantsʻwotsʻ'' ("History of the Kapanians") by Ghukas Sebastatsi. Davit Bek was of noble lineage, stemming from princes of Chavndour (district of Kovsakan in southeastern Syunik), and had served the '' vali'' (i.e. viceroy)/king of Kartli, Vakhtang VI (Hosaynqoli Khan). Some eighteenth-century manuscripts write that Davit was a Georgian Armenian from Mtskheta, although at the time Armenians from Tiflis (Tbilisi) were frequently referred to as Mtskhetians.

The Armenian ''meliks'', local feudal lords, had long been recognized as governors of the area by the Iranian shahs. In 1722 however, the Safavid state collapsed. Numerous Muslim tribes in the area were now competing for influence in the area. Peter the Great's steady advance south towards the Caucasus during the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 with a massive 30,000-strong army had revived hope among the Armenians and Georgians that Russian arms could help remove the region from Muslim dominion. Muslim misrule in the regions of Kapan and Artsakh (Karabakh) eventually provoked the Armenian ''meliks'' in 1722 to request military aid from Vakhtang.

Vakhtang agreed to aid the ''meliks''; he sent Davit Bek, reportedly one of his most capable officers, together with some 2,000 Armenian soldiers. Davit made the fort of Halidzor his base of operations. With the support of the local peasants and the ''meliks'', Davit managed to defend the Armenian-inhabited areas from the Muslim tribes. He also fought against those Armenian ''meliks'' who opposed the rebellion. Encouraged by his successes, many Armenians raised the banner of revolt against the Muslims and joined Davit's ranks. The ''meliks'' of Karabakh, who were waging their own battles against Muslim rulers, cooperated with Davit Bek, lending him men and ''materiel.'' In the spring of 1724, a force of 2,000 fighters from Karabakh commanded by Avan Yuzbashi and Ivan Karapet joined Davit Bek's forces in Kapan.

Although initially Davit's main enemy were the Iranians, he soon came to the conclusion that it was the Ottoman Turks who posed a much greater danger. In 1724, the Ottomans invaded Iran and Eastern Armenia, capturing Tiflis, Yerevan and Hamadan, prompting the Armenians to ally with the Iranians against the Ottoman invaders.

In the spring of 1727, Davit Bek won a spectacular victory over a larger Ottoman army at the Battle of Halidzor. The Armenian forces went on to drive the Turks out of Kapan and advanced south towards Meghri, capturing the Ottoman-controlled fortress. In 1727, in order to put a halt to the Ottoman approach in the area, King Tahmasp II of Iran appointed Davit the governor of the area, and gave him the right to administer the area as a vassal Armenian principality under Iranian control. Davit Bek then campaigned against the Ottomans at Ordubad and Agulis.

The circumstances of Davit Bek's death in 1728 are uncertain. Some scholars believe he died fighting the Turks, while others attribute his death to illness. After Davit Bek's death, command of the Armenian forces in Syunik passed to Mkhitar Sparapet.

In popular culture

Davit Bek inspired the historical novel ''David Bek'' (1882) by Raffi. In 1944, at the height of World War II, the movie ''David Bek'' was filmed by director Hamo Beknazarian with Hrachia Nersisyan starring as Davit Bek. The opera ''David Bek'' by Armen Tigranian premiered in 1950. In 1978 Armenfilm in association with Mosfilm produced another movie about the efforts of Davit Bek and his successor Mkhitar Sparapet called ''Huso astgh'' ("Star of Hope"), directed by Edmond Keosayan. Davit Bek was portrayed by Georgian actor Edisher Magalashvili.

See also

* Battle of Halidzor

References

Sources

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Further reading

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bek, Davit
1728 deaths
Armenian nationalists
Armenian nobility
Armenian revolutionaries
17th-century people of Safavid Iran
Persian Armenians
Year of birth unknown
18th-century people of Safavid Iran
Armenian generals