The Dardana Fortress (known locally in Albanian as ''Kalaja e Dardanës'' or ''Kulina'') is an archaeological site of the Bronze Age, Iron Age and late antiquity in present-day eastern

Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a partially recognised state in Southeast Euro ...

. It is located on a hill to the northwest of Kamenica. It was a hilltop settlement and fortress of the

Dardani The Dardani (; grc, Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι; la, Dardani) or Dardanians were a Paleo-Balkan people, who lived in a region that was named Dardania after their settlement there. They were among the oldest Balkan peoples, and their ...

in classical antiquity and was rebuilt in the late Roman era as part of the fortification system in the Roman province of Dardania. The site was discovered in the 1970s, but excavations did not start in earnest until 2012. One of the very earliest finds at the site is a funerary stele found accidentally at the foot of the hill in 1992. Its interpretation has helped shed light on Illyrian burial customs, and excavations at the site have contributed to knowledge about the trade patterns between Dardania and the Mediterranean region. Similar sites have been discovered in recent years in the Kamenica region.

Bronze age

The earliest finds in the site date to the late Neolithic. They consist of two stones axes, fragments from a flint knife and a pierced stone hammer. These materials are considered to have brought to the site from another location. The first finds which are considered to have been originally in the site date to the Bronze age and are mainly fragments of pottery.

Late antiquity

The phase of late antiquity represents the last phase of habitation and use of the site. Most excavated architectural structures including the walls, the towers and the dwellings, date to this era. The fortification system has two lines of ramparts. The ground plan of the walls follows an irregular pattern as it follows the natural formation of the hill. They were built in a

core-and-veneer Core-and-veneer, brick and rubble, wall and rubble, ashlar and rubble, and emplekton all refer to a building technique where two parallel walls are constructed and the core between them is filled with rubble or other infill, creating one thick wall ...

and their width varies between 140 cm to 210 cm. Stones used to build the wall are of local

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...

origin and of medium size.

Excavations and Conservation

The site has been declared an archaeological monument of the cultural heritage of Kosovo under designation number 1198 since 2015.

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Bronze age

Late antiquity

Excavations and Conservation

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Further reading