Daniello Bartoli

Daniello Bartoli, SJ (; 12 February 160813 January 1685) was an Italian Jesuit writer and historiographer, celebrated by the poet Giacomo Leopardi as the "Dante of Italian prose"

Ferrara

He was born in Ferrara. His father, Tiburzio was a chemist associated with the Este court of Alfonso II d'Este. When the papacy refused to recognize his illegitimate successor the court moved in 1598 under Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena. During the Cinquecento and due to a host of writers including Ariosto and Tasso Renaissance Ferrara was the literary capital of Italian letters along with Florence, whereas the language of papal Rome was humanist Latin. His identity as a Ferrarese and a Lombard is touted in the pseudonym, ''Ferrante Longobardi'' which he used to sustain his independence from the linguistic tyranny of Florence in ''Il torto ed il diritto del "Non si può"'' (1655).

Vocation and Studies

Daniello was the youngest of three sons and barely fifteen when embraced a vocation to the Society of Jesus in 1623. Debarred by his superiors because of his manifest literary talents from the missions in the Indies he would later describe, he attained high distinction in science and letters. After a novitiate of two years at Novellara, Bartoli resumed his studies in Piacenza in 1625. In Parma (1626–29) he completed his philosophate and (1629–34) he taught grammar and rhetoric to the boys of the Jesuit collegio. Under Jesuit scientists Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Niccolo Zucchi the young Bartoli, together with his younger contemporary Francesco Maria Grimaldi was involved in noteworthy experiments and discoveries of the planetary heavens. Bartoli along with Zucchi is credited as having been one of the first to see the equatorial belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630. And in his old age he would return to the world of science. He was ordained a priest in 1634 and continued his studies in Milan and Bologna. In his thirties he was an esteemed preacher delivering the Lenten sermons at the principal Jesuits churches of Italy including Ferrara, Genoa, Florence and Rome. While in Ferrara he also published a collection of poems under the name of a nephew, as the Jesuits in Italy were not allowed to publish poetry. In his first published work he will quote from a number of these, anonymously. At 35 Bartoli pronounced his final vows as a professed Jesuit in Pistoia on July 31, 1643. In 1645 his treatise on the man of letters, ''L'huomo di lettere difeso ed emendato'' catapulted him to national celebrity and international fame as a leading contemporary writer of the High Baroque age. For the rest of the century his treatise was considered a masterpiece of erudition and eloquence. It became a staple of the Italian printing industry and was much sought after and translated. During the process of her conversion to Roman Catholicism at the hands of the Jesuits in the 1650s Christina, Queen of Sweden specifically requested a copy of this celebrated work be sent to her in Stockholm. Heading to preach in Palermo he survived a shipwreck off Capri in 1646, but lost the manuscripts of his sermons. Because of his growing fame his superiors put an end to his decade as an itinerant preacher and brought him permanently to the order's headquarters in Rome. In 1648 his was appointed Jesuit historiographer and spent the next four decades writing his great history, as well as moral, spiritual and scientific treatises.

Baroque Rome

The remarkable success of Bartoli's literary debut coincided with the triumph of the High Baroque in Rome and it serves as a testament to the formative role of the Italian Jesuits as cultural entrepreneurs meditating between the sacred and the profane elements of the age. ''L'huomo di lettere'' (1645) became a cultural ''vademecum'' for the aspirations of a new generation of humanist intellectuals. Its eloquence and erudition found a lively balance between devotion to antiquity and consciousness of the modern. In Italy it was a bestseller. During the decades of Bartoli's life that followed, the work had editions and reprints nearly annually in Rome, Bologna, Florence, Milan and especially Venice. In the same period there were translations in French, German, English, Latin, Spanish and later Dutch. But history was his main task as a Jesuit man of letters. As such Bartoli represents the shift from the preceding Latin humanist historiography of Niccolò Orlandini and Francesco Sacchini to the illustrious Jesuit prose tradition he established in Italian when he undertook the official history of the first century of the Society of Jesus (1540). His monumental '' Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu'' (Rome, 1650–1673), in 6 folio vols. is the longest Italian classic. It begins with an authoritative, if somewhat ponderous, biography of the founder Ignatius Loyola. Particularly fascinating and exotic are his histories of Francis Xavier and the Jesuit missions in the East which describe India and the opening of the East, ''L'Asia'' (1653) in eight books. A shorter work on Akbar the Great and Rodolfo Acquaviva came out in 1653 and was added to the third edition of ''L'Asia'' in 1667. Part II of the first corner of the world he completed was Japan, ''Il Giappone'' (1660) in five books, and the Part III on China, ''La Cina'' appeared in four books (1663). To these he opened his projected ''Europa'' with the missions on the Jesuits in England, '' L'Inghilterra'' (1667) and a final work on the opening years of the order in the Italy of St. Ignatius, Diego Laynez and Francis Borgia, ''L'Italia'' (1673). With these histories he alternated treatises on language use, ''Del torto e del diritto del non si può'' and moral works of like ''La Ricreazione del savio''. In the 1660s the Lyons Jesuit Louis Janin, translator of L'huomo di lettere issued Latin translations of these histories. From 1671 to 1674 Bartoli served as Rector of the Collegio Romano in recognition of his international prestige as a writer. Indefatigible in his final years Bartoli produced 4 Jesuit biographies and three scientific treatises on pressure, sound, coagulation. His several works of spiritual reflection were brought together a folio edition, ''Le Morali'' in 1684. His final work, ''Pensieri sacri'' went to press after his death in Rome, January 13, 1685.

During the early nineteenth century, of Leopardi and of Manzoni, Bartoli became the literary paragon as a master of prose style. Outstanding among the numerous printings and anthologies of his works from that period is the standard octavo edition of his complete works beautifully printed by Giacinto Marietti, Turin, 1825-1842 in 34 volumes.

Literary writings and historical works

*''Dell'huomo di lettere difeso ed emendato'' 1645
* 1649
*''Della vita e dell'istituto di s. Ignatio, fondatore della Compagnia di Gesù'' 1650
*''Della vita del p. Vincenzo Caraffa, settimo generale della Compagnia di Gesù'' 1651
*''L'Asia'' 1653
*''Missione al gran Mogor del p. Rodolfo Acquaviva'' 1653
*''L'Eternità Consigliera'' 1653
*''Il torto ed il diritto del "Non si può"'' 1655 (under the pseudonym "Ferrante Longobardi")
*''La ricreazione del savio'' 1659
*''Il Giappone, parte seconda dell'Asia'' 1660
*''La Cina, terza parte dell'Asia'' 1663
*''La geografia trasportata al morale'' 1664
*''L'Inghilterra, parte dell'Europa'' 1667
*''L'huomo al punto, cioè l'huomo al punto di morte'' 1669
*''Dell'ultimo e beato fine dell'uomo'' 1670
*''Dell'ortografia italiana'' 1670
*''L'Italia, prima parte dell'Europa'' 1673
*''Della tensione e della pressione'' 1677
*''Del suono, dei tremori armonici, dell'udito'' 1679
*''Del ghiaccio e della coagulatione'' 1682
* In addition to his magnum opus, the '' Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu'' for which he wrote 6 volumes, as Jesuit historiographer Bartoli produced 5 Jesuit Lives: Vincenzo Caraffa 1651, Robert Bellarmine 1678, Stanislas Kostka 1678, Francis Borgia 1681, and his teacher, the astronomer Niccolò Zucchi 1682.
*''Degli uomini e dei fatti della Compagnia di Gesu: Memorie storiche'', an annalistic chronicle of the first Jesuit half century, (1540–1590), left in mss. at his death, was printed in five volumes by Marietti (Turin: 1847-56), in supplement to his 34 volume ''Opere''.''Opere del padre Daniello Bartoli della Compagnia di Gesu'', 39 volumes (1825-1856

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References and online links

Notes

Select Bibliography

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* A. Belloni: ''Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685)'', Turín, 1931.
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* M. Scotti: ''Prose scelte di Daniello Bartoli e Paolo Segneri'', Turín, 1967.
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* A. Asor Rosa: ''Daniello Bartoli e i prosatori barocchi'', Bari, 1975.
* J.J. Renaldo: ''Daniello Bartoli: A Letterato of the Seicento'', Naples, 1979.
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* ''Daniello Bartoli, storico e letterato. Atti del Convegno Nazionale di Studi Organizzato dall'Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara'' (18 settembre 1985), Ferrara, 1986.
* Mattia Begali, "''Daniello Bartoli''" in ''Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies'', vol. 1, (2007), pp. 133–136


* Ditchfield, Simon Richard (2019) ''The Limits of Erudition: Daniello Bartoli SJ (1608-85) and the mission of writing history''. In: Hardy, Nicholas and Levitin, Dmitri, (eds.) Confessionalisation and Erudition in Early Modern Europe. Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 218-239.

Modern editions

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External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartoli, Daniello
1608 births
1685 deaths
17th-century Italian Jesuits
17th-century Italian historians
Jesuit historiography
Jesuit scientists
Religious leaders from Ferrara