''Danaea'' is a

fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...

genus of approximately 50 species in the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae. They are small to intermediately large ferns with erect or creeping

rhizomes In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

and usually once-pinnate leaves with opposite pinnae. The fertile leaves are contracted, acrostichoid and covered below with sunken, linear synangia. The genus ''Danaea'' has a neotropical distribution, occurring from southern

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

through

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...

and northern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...

and the

Mata Atlantica The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and th ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

and Northern

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

. There is also a

population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a ...

Isla del Coco Cocos Island ( es, Isla del Coco) is an island in the Pacific Ocean administered by Costa Rica, approximately southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It constitutes the 11th of the 13 districts of Puntarenas Canton of the Province of Puntarena ...

(

Cocos Island Cocos Island ( es, Isla del Coco) is an island in the Pacific Ocean administered by Costa Rica, approximately southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It constitutes the 11th of the 13 districts of Puntarenas Canton of the Province of Puntarenas ...

) in the Pacific. The genus name of ''Danaea'' is named after the Greek mythology,

Danaë In Greek mythology, Danaë (, ; ; , ) was an Argive princess and mother of the hero Perseus by Zeus. She was credited with founding the city of Ardea in Latium during the Bronze Age. Family Danae was the daughter and only child of King Acris ...

, an Argive princess and mother of the hero

Perseus In Greek mythology, Perseus (Help:IPA/English, /ˈpɜːrsiəs, -sjuːs/; Greek language, Greek: Περσεύς, Romanization of Greek, translit. Perseús) is the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus ...

Zeus Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label=Genitive case, genitive Aeolic Greek, Boeotian Aeolic and Doric Greek#Laconian, Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label=Genitive case, genitive el, Δίας, ''D� ...

. Two species ''Danaea carillensis'' (Costa Rica) and ''D. simplicifolia'' (

Guianas The Guianas, sometimes called by the Spanish loan-word ''Guayanas'' (''Las Guayanas''), is a region in north-eastern South America which includes the following three territories: * French Guiana, an overseas department and region of France * ...

, Brazil,

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

) have simple, undivided leaves, and some other species sometimes have bipinnate leaves (''D. atlantica, D. bipinnata, D. nodosa, D. urbanii''). One species '' Danaea kalevala'' of the

Lesser Antilles The Lesser Antilles ( es, link=no, Antillas Menores; french: link=no, Petites Antilles; pap, Antias Menor; nl, Kleine Antillen) are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. Most of them are part of a long, partially volcanic island arc betwe ...

was named in honour of the Finnish heroic

epic Epic commonly refers to: * Epic poetry, a long narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation * Epic film, a genre of film with heroic elements Epic or EPIC may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and medi ...

Kalevala The ''Kalevala'' ( fi, Kalevala, ) is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology, telling an epic story about the Creation of the Earth, describing the controversies and r ...

. The basal chromosome number for this genus is ''2n=80''. The type species is ''Danaea nodosa''.

Taxonomy

''Danaea'' is the basal

lineage Lineage may refer to: Science * Lineage (anthropology), a group that can demonstrate its common descent from an apical ancestor or a direct line of descent from an ancestor * Lineage (evolution), a temporal sequence of individuals, populati ...

in the Marattiaceae and the oldest

fossils A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...

are from the

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

, a period where rainforests became more abundant. It has radiated in these early rainforests and presently counts about 50 species in 3

sections Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

: sect. ''Danaea'', sect. ''Arthrodanaea'' and sect. ''Holodanaea''.

Species

*'' Danaea acuminata'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran *'' Danaea alata'' Sm. *'' Danaea antillensis'' Christenh. *'' Danaea atlantica'' Christenh., E.M.Almeida & L.P.Felix *'' Danaea arbuscula'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea bicolor'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran *'' Danaea bipinnata'' Tuomisto *†'' Danaea borealis''

Pabst Pabst is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Adolf Pabst (1899–1990), American mineralogist and geologist *Daniel Pabst (1826–1910), American furniture maker *Frederick Pabst (1836–1904), American brewer *Georg Wilhelm ...

*'' Danaea carillensis'' H.Christ *'' Danaea cartilaginea''

Christenh. Dr Maarten Joost Maria Christenhusz (born 27 April 1976) is a Dutch botanist, natural historian and photographer. Career He was born in Enschede, the Netherlands, received his undergraduate and master's degrees from Utrecht University in ...

& Tuomisto *'' Danaea chococola'' Christenh. *'' Danaea crispa'' Endrés *'' Danaea danaëpinna'' Christenh. *'' Danaea draco'' Christenh. *'' Danaea epiphytica'' Christenh. *'' Danaea erecta'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran *'' Danaea excurrens'' Rosenst. *'' Danaea falcata'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran *'' Danaea geniculata'' Raddi *'' Danaea grandifolia'' Underw. *'' Danaea humilis''

T.Moore Thomas Moore (21 May 1821 – 1 January 1887) was a British gardener and botanist. An expert on ferns and fern allies from the British Isles, he served as Curator of the Society of Apothecaries Garden from 1848 to 1887. In 1855 he authored ''The ...

*'' Danaea imbricata'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran * ''Danaea'' × ''jamaicensis'' Underw. (''D. jenmanii'' × ''D. mazeana'')) *'' Danaea jenmanii'' Underw. *'' Danaea kalevala'' Christenh. *'' Danaea latipinna'' Tuomisto & R.C.Moran *''

Danaea leprieurii ''Danaea'' is a fern genus of approximately 50 species in the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae. They are small to intermediately large ferns with erect or creeping rhizomes and usually once-pinnate leaves with opposite pinnae. The fertile ...

Kunze Kunz, Künz, or Kunze is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Kunz (singer) (Marco Kunz, born 1985), Swiss singer *Adrian Kunz (born 1967), Swiss international footballer * Alfred Kunz (Catholic priest) (1931–1998), American murde ...

*'' Danaea leussinkiana'' Christenh. *'' Danaea lingua-cervina'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea longicaudata'' Tuomisto *'' Danaea mazeana'' Underw. *'' Danaea media'' Liebmann *'' Danaea moritziana'' C.Presl *'' Danaea nodosa''

Sm. __NOTOC__ Sir James Edward Smith (2 December 1759 – 17 March 1828) was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society. Early life and education Smith was born in Norwich in 1759, the son of a wealthy wool merchant. He displayed a ...

*'' Danaea oblanceolata'' Stolze * ''Danaea'' × ''plicata'' H.Christ (''D. carillensis × D. crispa'') *'' Danaea polymorpha'' Lepr. ex Baker *'' Danaea quebradensis'' Christenh. *'' Danaea riparia'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea sellowiana'' C.Presl *'' Danaea simplicifolia''

Rudge Rudge may refer to: Places *Rudge, Shropshire, England *Rudge, Somerset, England * Rugde (Kristiansand), a neighbourhood in Kristiansand, Norway People *Anne Rudge (1761–1836), English botanist *Antonietta Rudge (1885–1974), Brazilian pian ...

*'' Danaea tenera'' C.V.Morton *'' Danaea trichomanoides''

Spruce A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...

*'' Danaea trifoliata'' Reichenb. *'' Danaea trinitatensis'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea ulei'' H.Christ *'' Danaea urbanii'' Maxon *'' Danaea ushana'' Christenh. *'' Danaea vivax'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea xenium'' Christenh. & Tuomisto *'' Danaea ypori'' Christenh. *'' Danaea wendlandii'' Reichenb.f. *'' Danaea zamiopsis'' Christenh. & Tuomisto

References

* Christenhusz, M. J. M., Tuomisto, H. Metzgar, J. and Pryer, K. M., in press. Evolutionary relationships within the Neotropical, eusporangiate fern genus ''Danaea'' (Marattiaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (

Elsevier Elsevier () is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, '' Trends'', th ...

). * Christenhusz, M.J.M., Tuomisto, H. 2005. Some notes on the taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of ''Danaea'' (Marattiaceae). Fern Gazette 17 (5): 217–222. * Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2006. Three new species of ''Danaea'' (Marattiaceae) from French Guiana and the Lesser Antilles. Annales Botanici Fennici 43: 212–219. * Christenhusz, M. J. M., Tuomisto, H. 2006. Five new species of ''Danaea'' (Marattiaceae) from Peru and a new status for ''D. elliptica''. Kew Bulletin 61: 17–30. * Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2010. ''Danaea'' (Marattiaceae) revisited: biodiversity, a new classification and ten new species of a neotropical fern genus.

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society The ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a scientific journal publishing original papers relating to the taxonomy of all plant groups and fungi, including anatomy, biosystematics, cytology, ecology, ethnobotany, electron microscopy, mo ...

163: 360–385. * Tuomisto, H., Moran, R. C. 2001. Marattiaceae. In: Harling, G., Anderson, L. (eds.),

Flora of Ecuador Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''. E ...

66: 22–170. * Underwood, L.M. 1902. American Ferns - V, A Review of the Genus ''Danaea''. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29(12): 669–679. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5214890 Marattiidae Fern genera